ACK Serverless provides vertical pod autoscaling using the Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA). After you deploy and install VPA on an ACK serverless cluster, it automatically sets resource limits for pods based on their resource usage. This allows the cluster to schedule pods on nodes that have sufficient resources. VPA also maintains the ratio between resource requests and limits from the original container definition. This topic describes how to use a YAML file to implement vertical pod autoscaling.
Prerequisites
Make sure that the following prerequisites are met:
A Kubernetes cluster of version 1.12 or later is created. For more information, see Create an ACK serverless cluster.
You are connected to the cluster using the command line interface. For more information, see Obtain the kubeconfig file of a cluster and use kubectl to connect to the cluster.
Any existing VPA deployments in the cluster are uninstalled. This prevents conflicts with the new VPA installation, which can cause the VPA to become unavailable.
Background information
Important
The vertical pod autoscaling feature is experimental. Use it with caution.
Updating the resource configuration of a running pod is an experimental feature of VPA. This operation rebuilds and restarts the pod, which may be scheduled to a different node.
VPA does not evict pods that are not managed by a ReplicationController. For these pods, the Auto mode is equivalent to the Initial mode.
Currently, VPA cannot run at the same time as a Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) that monitors CPU and memory metrics. The only exception is if the HPA monitors only other custom or external metrics.
VPA uses an admission webhook as its admission control. If other admission webhooks exist in the cluster, make sure that they do not conflict with the VPA webhook. The execution order of admission controllers is defined in the API Server configuration parameters.
VPA handles most out-of-memory (OOM) events, but it is not guaranteed to be effective in all scenarios.
The performance of VPA has not been tested in large-scale clusters.
The resource request values modified by VPA may exceed resource limits, such as node resource limits, available resources, or resource quotas. This can cause pods to enter a Pending state and fail to be scheduled. You can use the Cluster Autoscaler to resolve this issue.
If multiple VPAs match the same pod, it can lead to undefined behavior.
Install the Vertical Pod Autoscaler
Run the following command to create the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) permission file.
kubectl apply -f rbac.yamlExpand to view the YAML file
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:metrics-reader rules: - apiGroups: - "metrics.k8s.io" resources: - pods verbs: - get - list --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-actor rules: - apiGroups: - "" resources: - pods - nodes - limitranges verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "" resources: - events verbs: - get - list - watch - create - apiGroups: - "poc.autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers verbs: - get - list - watch - patch - apiGroups: - "autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers verbs: - get - list - watch - patch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-checkpoint-actor rules: - apiGroups: - "poc.autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints verbs: - get - list - watch - create - patch - delete - apiGroups: - "autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints verbs: - get - list - watch - create - patch - delete - apiGroups: - "" resources: - namespaces verbs: - get - list --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:evictioner rules: - apiGroups: - "apps" - "extensions" resources: - replicasets verbs: - get - apiGroups: - "" resources: - pods/eviction verbs: - create --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:metrics-reader roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:metrics-reader subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-actor roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-actor subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-checkpoint-actor roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-checkpoint-actor subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-target-reader rules: - apiGroups: - '*' resources: - '*/scale' verbs: - get - watch - apiGroups: - "" resources: - replicationcontrollers verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - apps resources: - daemonsets - deployments - replicasets - statefulsets verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - batch resources: - jobs - cronjobs verbs: - get - list - watch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-target-reader-binding roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-target-reader subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-evictioner-binding roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:evictioner subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: v1 kind: ServiceAccount metadata: name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: v1 kind: ServiceAccount metadata: name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: v1 kind: ServiceAccount metadata: name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-admission-controller rules: - apiGroups: - "" resources: - pods - configmaps - nodes - limitranges verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "admissionregistration.k8s.io" resources: - mutatingwebhookconfigurations verbs: - create - delete - get - list - apiGroups: - "poc.autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "coordination.k8s.io" resources: - leases verbs: - create - update - get - list - watch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-admission-controller roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-admission-controller subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-status-reader rules: - apiGroups: - "coordination.k8s.io" resources: - leases verbs: - get - list - watch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-status-reader-binding roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-status-reader subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-systemRun the following command to create the CustomResourceDefinition (CRD) for the Vertical Pod Autoscaler.
CRDs extend the capabilities of Kubernetes. For more information, see Extend the Kubernetes API with CustomResourceDefinitions.
kubectl apply -f crd.yamlcrd.yaml definition for cluster versions earlier than 1.22
apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: CustomResourceDefinition metadata: name: verticalpodautoscalers.autoscaling.k8s.io annotations: "api-approved.kubernetes.io": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/63797" spec: group: autoscaling.k8s.io scope: Namespaced names: plural: verticalpodautoscalers singular: verticalpodautoscaler kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler shortNames: - vpa version: v1beta1 versions: - name: v1beta1 served: false storage: false - name: v1beta2 served: true storage: true - name: v1 served: true storage: false validation: # openAPIV3Schema is the schema for validating custom objects. openAPIV3Schema: type: object properties: spec: type: object required: [] properties: targetRef: type: object updatePolicy: type: object properties: updateMode: type: string resourcePolicy: type: object properties: containerPolicies: type: array items: type: object properties: containerName: type: string controlledValues: type: string enum: ["RequestsAndLimits", "RequestsOnly"] mode: type: string enum: ["Auto", "Off"] minAllowed: type: object maxAllowed: type: object controlledResources: type: array items: type: string enum: ["cpu", "memory"] --- apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: CustomResourceDefinition metadata: name: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints.autoscaling.k8s.io annotations: "api-approved.kubernetes.io": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/63797" spec: group: autoscaling.k8s.io scope: Namespaced names: plural: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints singular: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoint kind: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint shortNames: - vpacheckpoint version: v1beta1 versions: - name: v1beta1 served: false storage: false - name: v1beta2 served: true storage: true - name: v1 served: true storage: falsecrd.yaml definition for cluster versions 1.22 and later
apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1 kind: CustomResourceDefinition metadata: annotations: api-approved.kubernetes.io: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/63797 controller-gen.kubebuilder.io/version: v0.9.2 creationTimestamp: null name: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints.autoscaling.k8s.io spec: group: autoscaling.k8s.io names: kind: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint listKind: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpointList plural: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints shortNames: - vpacheckpoint singular: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoint scope: Namespaced versions: - name: v1 schema: openAPIV3Schema: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint is the checkpoint of the internal state of VPA that is used for recovery after recommender's restart. properties: apiVersion: description: 'APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources' type: string kind: description: 'Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds' type: string metadata: type: object spec: description: 'Specification of the checkpoint. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status.' properties: containerName: description: Name of the checkpointed container. type: string vpaObjectName: description: Name of the VPA object that stored VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint object. type: string type: object status: description: Data of the checkpoint. properties: cpuHistogram: description: Checkpoint of histogram for consumption of CPU. properties: bucketWeights: description: Map from bucket index to bucket weight. type: object x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true referenceTimestamp: description: Reference timestamp for samples collected within this histogram. format: date-time nullable: true type: string totalWeight: description: Sum of samples to be used as denominator for weights from BucketWeights. type: number type: object firstSampleStart: description: Timestamp of the fist sample from the histograms. format: date-time nullable: true type: string lastSampleStart: description: Timestamp of the last sample from the histograms. format: date-time nullable: true type: string lastUpdateTime: description: The time when the status was last refreshed. format: date-time nullable: true type: string memoryHistogram: description: Checkpoint of histogram for consumption of memory. properties: bucketWeights: description: Map from bucket index to bucket weight. type: object x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true referenceTimestamp: description: Reference timestamp for samples collected within this histogram. format: date-time nullable: true type: string totalWeight: description: Sum of samples to be used as denominator for weights from BucketWeights. type: number type: object totalSamplesCount: description: Total number of samples in the histograms. type: integer version: description: Version of the format of the stored data. type: string type: object type: object served: true storage: true - name: v1beta2 schema: openAPIV3Schema: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint is the checkpoint of the internal state of VPA that is used for recovery after recommender's restart. properties: apiVersion: description: 'APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources' type: string kind: description: 'Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds' type: string metadata: type: object spec: description: 'Specification of the checkpoint. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status.' properties: containerName: description: Name of the checkpointed container. type: string vpaObjectName: description: Name of the VPA object that stored VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint object. type: string type: object status: description: Data of the checkpoint. properties: cpuHistogram: description: Checkpoint of histogram for consumption of CPU. properties: bucketWeights: description: Map from bucket index to bucket weight. type: object x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true referenceTimestamp: description: Reference timestamp for samples collected within this histogram. format: date-time nullable: true type: string totalWeight: description: Sum of samples to be used as denominator for weights from BucketWeights. type: number type: object firstSampleStart: description: Timestamp of the fist sample from the histograms. format: date-time nullable: true type: string lastSampleStart: description: Timestamp of the last sample from the histograms. format: date-time nullable: true type: string lastUpdateTime: description: The time when the status was last refreshed. format: date-time nullable: true type: string memoryHistogram: description: Checkpoint of histogram for consumption of memory. properties: bucketWeights: description: Map from bucket index to bucket weight. type: object x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true referenceTimestamp: description: Reference timestamp for samples collected within this histogram. format: date-time nullable: true type: string totalWeight: description: Sum of samples to be used as denominator for weights from BucketWeights. type: number type: object totalSamplesCount: description: Total number of samples in the histograms. type: integer version: description: Version of the format of the stored data. type: string type: object type: object served: true storage: false --- apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1 kind: CustomResourceDefinition metadata: annotations: api-approved.kubernetes.io: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/63797 controller-gen.kubebuilder.io/version: v0.9.2 creationTimestamp: null name: verticalpodautoscalers.autoscaling.k8s.io spec: group: autoscaling.k8s.io names: kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler listKind: VerticalPodAutoscalerList plural: verticalpodautoscalers shortNames: - vpa singular: verticalpodautoscaler scope: Namespaced versions: - additionalPrinterColumns: - jsonPath: .spec.updatePolicy.updateMode name: Mode type: string - jsonPath: .status.recommendation.containerRecommendations[0].target.cpu name: CPU type: string - jsonPath: .status.recommendation.containerRecommendations[0].target.memory name: Mem type: string - jsonPath: .status.conditions[?(@.type=='RecommendationProvided')].status name: Provided type: string - jsonPath: .metadata.creationTimestamp name: Age type: date name: v1 schema: openAPIV3Schema: description: VerticalPodAutoscaler is the configuration for a vertical pod autoscaler, which automatically manages pod resources based on historical and real time resource utilization. properties: apiVersion: description: 'APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources' type: string kind: description: 'Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds' type: string metadata: type: object spec: description: 'Specification of the behavior of the autoscaler. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status.' properties: recommenders: description: Recommender responsible for generating recommendation for this object. List should be empty (then the default recommender will generate the recommendation) or contain exactly one recommender. items: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerRecommenderSelector points to a specific Vertical Pod Autoscaler recommender. In the future it might pass parameters to the recommender. properties: name: description: Name of the recommender responsible for generating recommendation for this object. type: string required: - name type: object type: array resourcePolicy: description: Controls how the autoscaler computes recommended resources. The resource policy may be used to set constraints on the recommendations for individual containers. If not specified, the autoscaler computes recommended resources for all containers in the pod, without additional constraints. properties: containerPolicies: description: Per-container resource policies. items: description: ContainerResourcePolicy controls how autoscaler computes the recommended resources for a specific container. properties: containerName: description: Name of the container or DefaultContainerResourcePolicy, in which case the policy is used by the containers that don't have their own policy specified. type: string controlledResources: description: Specifies the type of recommendations that will be computed (and possibly applied) by VPA. If not specified, the default of [ResourceCPU, ResourceMemory] will be used. items: description: ResourceName is the name identifying various resources in a ResourceList. type: string type: array controlledValues: description: Specifies which resource values should be controlled. The default is "RequestsAndLimits". enum: - RequestsAndLimits - RequestsOnly type: string maxAllowed: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Specifies the maximum amount of resources that will be recommended for the container. The default is no maximum. type: object minAllowed: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Specifies the minimal amount of resources that will be recommended for the container. The default is no minimum. type: object mode: description: Whether autoscaler is enabled for the container. The default is "Auto". enum: - Auto - "Off" type: string type: object type: array type: object targetRef: description: TargetRef points to the controller managing the set of pods for the autoscaler to control - e.g. Deployment, StatefulSet. VerticalPodAutoscaler can be targeted at controller implementing scale subresource (the pod set is retrieved from the controller's ScaleStatus) or some well known controllers (e.g. for DaemonSet the pod set is read from the controller's spec). If VerticalPodAutoscaler cannot use specified target it will report ConfigUnsupported condition. Note that VerticalPodAutoscaler does not require full implementation of scale subresource - it will not use it to modify the replica count. The only thing retrieved is a label selector matching pods grouped by the target resource. properties: apiVersion: description: API version of the referent type: string kind: description: 'Kind of the referent; More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds"' type: string name: description: 'Name of the referent; More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/identifiers#names' type: string required: - kind - name type: object x-kubernetes-map-type: atomic updatePolicy: description: Describes the rules on how changes are applied to the pods. If not specified, all fields in the `PodUpdatePolicy` are set to their default values. properties: minReplicas: description: Minimal number of replicas which need to be alive for Updater to attempt pod eviction (pending other checks like PDB). Only positive values are allowed. Overrides global '--min-replicas' flag. format: int32 type: integer updateMode: description: Controls when autoscaler applies changes to the pod resources. The default is 'Auto'. enum: - "Off" - Initial - Recreate - Auto type: string type: object required: - targetRef type: object status: description: Current information about the autoscaler. properties: conditions: description: Conditions is the set of conditions required for this autoscaler to scale its target, and indicates whether or not those conditions are met. items: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerCondition describes the state of a VerticalPodAutoscaler at a certain point. properties: lastTransitionTime: description: lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another format: date-time type: string message: description: message is a human-readable explanation containing details about the transition type: string reason: description: reason is the reason for the condition's last transition. type: string status: description: status is the status of the condition (True, False, Unknown) type: string type: description: type describes the current condition type: string required: - status - type type: object type: array recommendation: description: The most recently computed amount of resources recommended by the autoscaler for the controlled pods. properties: containerRecommendations: description: Resources recommended by the autoscaler for each container. items: description: RecommendedContainerResources is the recommendation of resources computed by autoscaler for a specific container. Respects the container resource policy if present in the spec. In particular the recommendation is not produced for containers with `ContainerScalingMode` set to 'Off'. properties: containerName: description: Name of the container. type: string lowerBound: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Minimum recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. This amount is not guaranteed to be sufficient for the application to operate in a stable way, however running with less resources is likely to have significant impact on performance/availability. type: object target: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. type: object uncappedTarget: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: The most recent recommended resources target computed by the autoscaler for the controlled pods, based only on actual resource usage, not taking into account the ContainerResourcePolicy. May differ from the Recommendation if the actual resource usage causes the target to violate the ContainerResourcePolicy (lower than MinAllowed or higher that MaxAllowed). Used only as status indication, will not affect actual resource assignment. type: object upperBound: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Maximum recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. Any resources allocated beyond this value are likely wasted. This value may be larger than the maximum amount of application is actually capable of consuming. type: object required: - target type: object type: array type: object type: object required: - spec type: object served: true storage: true subresources: {} - deprecated: true deprecationWarning: autoscaling.k8s.io/v1beta2 API is deprecated name: v1beta2 schema: openAPIV3Schema: description: VerticalPodAutoscaler is the configuration for a vertical pod autoscaler, which automatically manages pod resources based on historical and real time resource utilization. properties: apiVersion: description: 'APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources' type: string kind: description: 'Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds' type: string metadata: type: object spec: description: 'Specification of the behavior of the autoscaler. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status.' properties: resourcePolicy: description: Controls how the autoscaler computes recommended resources. The resource policy may be used to set constraints on the recommendations for individual containers. If not specified, the autoscaler computes recommended resources for all containers in the pod, without additional constraints. properties: containerPolicies: description: Per-container resource policies. items: description: ContainerResourcePolicy controls how autoscaler computes the recommended resources for a specific container. properties: containerName: description: Name of the container or DefaultContainerResourcePolicy, in which case the policy is used by the containers that don't have their own policy specified. type: string maxAllowed: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Specifies the maximum amount of resources that will be recommended for the container. The default is no maximum. type: object minAllowed: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Specifies the minimal amount of resources that will be recommended for the container. The default is no minimum. type: object mode: description: Whether autoscaler is enabled for the container. The default is "Auto". enum: - Auto - "Off" type: string type: object type: array type: object targetRef: description: TargetRef points to the controller managing the set of pods for the autoscaler to control - e.g. Deployment, StatefulSet. VerticalPodAutoscaler can be targeted at controller implementing scale subresource (the pod set is retrieved from the controller's ScaleStatus) or some well known controllers (e.g. for DaemonSet the pod set is read from the controller's spec). If VerticalPodAutoscaler cannot use specified target it will report ConfigUnsupported condition. Note that VerticalPodAutoscaler does not require full implementation of scale subresource - it will not use it to modify the replica count. The only thing retrieved is a label selector matching pods grouped by the target resource. properties: apiVersion: description: API version of the referent type: string kind: description: 'Kind of the referent; More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds"' type: string name: description: 'Name of the referent; More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/identifiers#names' type: string required: - kind - name type: object x-kubernetes-map-type: atomic updatePolicy: description: Describes the rules on how changes are applied to the pods. If not specified, all fields in the `PodUpdatePolicy` are set to their default values. properties: updateMode: description: Controls when autoscaler applies changes to the pod resources. The default is 'Auto'. enum: - "Off" - Initial - Recreate - Auto type: string type: object required: - targetRef type: object status: description: Current information about the autoscaler. properties: conditions: description: Conditions is the set of conditions required for this autoscaler to scale its target, and indicates whether or not those conditions are met. items: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerCondition describes the state of a VerticalPodAutoscaler at a certain point. properties: lastTransitionTime: description: lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another format: date-time type: string message: description: message is a human-readable explanation containing details about the transition type: string reason: description: reason is the reason for the condition's last transition. type: string status: description: status is the status of the condition (True, False, Unknown) type: string type: description: type describes the current condition type: string required: - status - type type: object type: array recommendation: description: The most recently computed amount of resources recommended by the autoscaler for the controlled pods. properties: containerRecommendations: description: Resources recommended by the autoscaler for each container. items: description: RecommendedContainerResources is the recommendation of resources computed by autoscaler for a specific container. Respects the container resource policy if present in the spec. In particular the recommendation is not produced for containers with `ContainerScalingMode` set to 'Off'. properties: containerName: description: Name of the container. type: string lowerBound: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Minimum recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. This amount is not guaranteed to be sufficient for the application to operate in a stable way, however running with less resources is likely to have significant impact on performance/availability. type: object target: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. type: object uncappedTarget: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: The most recent recommended resources target computed by the autoscaler for the controlled pods, based only on actual resource usage, not taking into account the ContainerResourcePolicy. May differ from the Recommendation if the actual resource usage causes the target to violate the ContainerResourcePolicy (lower than MinAllowed or higher that MaxAllowed). Used only as status indication, will not affect actual resource assignment. type: object upperBound: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Maximum recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. Any resources allocated beyond this value are likely wasted. This value may be larger than the maximum amount of application is actually capable of consuming. type: object required: - target type: object type: array type: object type: object required: - spec type: object served: true storage: falseInstall the Vertical Pod Autoscaler components.
The Vertical Pod Autoscaler components include the admission-controller, recommender, and updater.
NoteBefore you install the admission-controller component, use this script to generate a certificate for the webhook.
YAML definition for cluster versions earlier than 1.22
Install the admission-controller component
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-admission-controller template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-admission-controller spec: serviceAccountName: admin containers: - name: admission-controller image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-admission-controller:0.7.0 imagePullPolicy: Always env: - name: NAMESPACE valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.namespace volumeMounts: - name: tls-certs mountPath: "/etc/tls-certs" readOnly: true resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 500Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 200Mi ports: - containerPort: 8000 volumes: - name: tls-certs secret: secretName: vpa-tls-certs --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: vpa-webhook namespace: kube-system spec: ports: - port: 443 targetPort: 8000 selector: app: vpa-admission-controllerInstall the recommender component
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-recommender template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-recommender spec: serviceAccountName: admin containers: - name: recommender image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-recommender:0.7.0 imagePullPolicy: Always resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 1000Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 500Mi ports: - containerPort: 8080Install the updater component
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-updater template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-updater spec: serviceAccountName: admin containers: - name: updater image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-updater:0.7.0 imagePullPolicy: Always resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 1000Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 500Mi ports: - containerPort: 8080YAML definition for cluster versions 1.22 and later
Install the admission-controller component
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-admission-controller template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-admission-controller spec: serviceAccountName: vpa-admission-controller securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 65534 # nobody containers: - name: admission-controller image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-admission-controller:0.13.0 imagePullPolicy: Always env: - name: NAMESPACE valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.namespace volumeMounts: - name: tls-certs mountPath: "/etc/tls-certs" readOnly: true resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 500Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 200Mi ports: - containerPort: 8000 - name: prometheus containerPort: 8944 volumes: - name: tls-certs secret: secretName: vpa-tls-certs --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: vpa-webhook namespace: kube-system spec: ports: - port: 443 targetPort: 8000 selector: app: vpa-admission-controllerInstall the recommender component
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-recommender template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-recommender spec: serviceAccountName: vpa-recommender securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 65534 # nobody containers: - name: recommender image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-recommender:0.13.0 imagePullPolicy: Always resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 1000Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 500Mi ports: - name: prometheus containerPort: 8942Install the updater component
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-updater template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-updater spec: serviceAccountName: vpa-updater securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 65534 # nobody containers: - name: updater image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-updater:0.13.0 imagePullPolicy: Always env: - name: NAMESPACE valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.namespace resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 1000Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 500Mi ports: - name: prometheus containerPort: 8943
Verify the VPA installation
Use the following YAML definition to create a deployment named nginx-deployment-basic and a VPA resource named nginx-deployment-basic-vpa.
Expand to view the YAML file
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: nginx-deployment-basic labels: app: nginx spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: nginx template: metadata: labels: app: nginx spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx:1.7.9 ports: - containerPort: 80 --- apiVersion: autoscaling.k8s.io/v1 kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler metadata: name: nginx-deployment-basic-vpa spec: targetRef: apiVersion: "apps/v1" kind: Deployment name: nginx-deployment-basic updatePolicy: updateMode: "Off"NoteSet updateMode to Off and leave the resource requests and limits in the deployment empty.
Run the following command to query the VPA for the recommended CPU and memory resource request values for the deployment.
NoteAfter you run the command, wait for about two minutes for the VPA to return the recommended values.
kubectl describe vpa nginx-deployment-basic-vpaAfter you run the command, the following recommended values are returned.
Expand to view details
Recommendation: Container Recommendations: Container Name: nginx Lower Bound: Cpu: 25m Memory: 262144k Target: Cpu: 25m Memory: 262144k Uncapped Target: Cpu: 25m Memory: 262144k Upper Bound: Cpu: 11601m Memory: 12128573170You can use the recommended values to configure the resource requests for the deployment. VPA continuously monitors the application's resource usage and provides optimization suggestions.
References
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