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使用ASMAdaptiveConcurrency实现自适应并发控制

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ASMAdaptiveConcurrency能够根据采样的请求数据动态调整允许的并发的数量，当并发数量超过服务可承受范围时，会拒绝请求，达到保护服务的目的。本文介绍如何使用ASMAdaptiveConcurrency实现自适应并发控制。

前提条件

背景信息

通常情况下，希望服务在超出负载能力时能拒绝超额的请求，从而防止产生其他连锁反应。您可以使用服务网格的DestinationRule配置基础的熔断能力，但这要求必须给出一个触发熔断的阈值，例如具体的pending requests数量，使得服务网格数据平面在网络访问超出熔断配置时能够拒绝请求。在实际应用场景下，准确地估算服务的负载能力是较为困难的。

ASMAdaptiveConcurrency采用自适应并发控制算法通过定期对比采样Latency和测定的理想Latency之间的差异及一系列计算对并发限制进行动态调整，从而尽可能使得并发限制数量在服务可承受的范围附近，同时拒绝超出该限制的请求（拒绝请求时会返回HTTP 503及错误信息reached concurrency limit）。

由于周期性的MinRTT统计期间会将连接数限制在较小值（min_concurrency），建议您在启用了AdaptiveConcurrency服务后，同时使用DestinationRule为服务启用重试功能，使得在minRTT计算期间被拒绝的请求能够通过Sidecar的重试功能尽可能地成功返回结果。

步骤一：部署示例应用

部署testserver和gotest应用，设置testserver应用的负载能力为并发处理500个请求，超过并发数量的请求会被排队处理。每个请求的处理时间是1000ms。设置gotest应用的一个副本一次能发起200个请求。

  1. 部署testserver应用。

    1. 使用以下内容，创建testserver.yaml文件。

      展开查看详细内容

      apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: testserver
  name: testserver
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: testserver
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        app: testserver
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - -m
        - "500"
        - -t
        - "1000"
        command:
        - /usr/local/bin/limited-concurrency-http-server
        image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/asm-limited-concurrency-http-server:v0.1.1-gee0b08f-aliyun
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: testserver
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
          protocol: TCP

      您可以使用-m指定应用能够承受的并发数量，-t指定请求处理时间。

    2. 执行以下命令，部署testserver应用。

      kubectl apply -f testserver.yaml

  2. 部署testserver的Service。

    1. 使用以下内容，创建testservice.yaml文件。

      展开查看详细内容

      apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app: testserver
  name: testserver
  namespace: default
spec:
  internalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  ipFamilies:
    - IPv4
  ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
  ports:
    - name: http
      port: 8080
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 8080
    - name: metrics
      port: 15020
      protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 15020
  selector:
    app: testserver
  type: ClusterIP

    2. 执行以下命令，部署testserver的Service。

      kubectl apply -f testservice.yaml

  3. 部署gotest应用。

    1. 使用以下内容，创建gotest.yaml文件。

      展开查看详细内容

      apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: gotest
  name: gotest
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 0
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: gotest
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        app: gotest
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - -c
        - "200"
        - -n
        - "10000"
        - -u
        - testserver:8080
        command:
        - /root/go-stress-testing-linux
        image: xocoder/go-stress-testing-linux:v0.1
        imagePullPolicy: Always
        name: gotest
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 500m

    2. 执行以下命令，部署gotest应用。

      kubectl apply -f gotest.yaml

步骤二：创建ASMAdaptiveConcurrency

  1. 通过控制面kubectl访问Istio资源。

  2. 使用以下内容，创建adaptiveconcurrency.yaml。

    展开查看详细内容

    apiVersion: istio.alibabacloud.com/v1beta1
kind: ASMAdaptiveConcurrency
metadata:
    name: sample-adaptive-concurrency
    namespace: default
spec:
    workload_selector:
        labels:
            app: testserver
    sample_aggregate_percentile:
        value: 60
    concurrency_limit_params:
        max_concurrency_limit: 500
        concurrency_update_interval: 15s
    min_rtt_calc_params:
        interval: 60s
        request_count: 100
        jitter:
            value: 15
        min_concurrency: 50
        buffer:
            value: 25

    参数

    类型

    描述

    是否必填

    workload_selector

    WorkloadSelector

    工作负载选择器，声明如何匹配生效的工作负载。

    是

    labels

    map

    列出需要匹配的工作负载（Pod）的Labels，用于匹配工作负载。

    是

    sample_aggregate_percentile

    Percent

    采样百分位，将采样请求的该百分位值作为SampleRTT参与计算。

    是

    value

    int

    百分比数，有效值为0~100。

    是

    concurrency_limit_params

    ConcurrencyLimitParams

    并发限制相关配置。

    是

    max_concurrency_limit

    int

    最大并发限制数。默认值1000。

    否

    concurrency_update_interval

    duration

    最大并发计算间隔，例如60s。

    是

    min_rtt_calc_params

    MinRTTCalcParams

    计算MinRTT的相关配置。

    是

    interval

    duration

    理想round-trip time计算间隔，例如120s。

    否

    request_count

    int

    统计多少请求的数据用作计算理想round-trip time。默认值为50。

    否

    jitter

    Percent

    计算理想round-trip time时，增加随机延迟的百分比，例如，interval为120s时，jitter为50，则间隔时间为ramdom（120, 120 + （120 * 50%））。默认值为15。

    否

    min_concurrency

    int

    计算理想round-trip time时的并发数量，同时也是控制器初始的并发数值。该值的取值应当远低于服务的瓶颈，从而使得服务在该并发下可以以最理想的延迟返回。默认值为3。

    否

    buffer

    Percent

    合理延迟波动范围（百分比），例如延迟在100ms上下时，10%浮动属于合理范围，则这个值设置为10。默认值为25。

    否

  3. 执行以下命令，创建ASMAdaptiveConcurrency。

    kubectl apply -f adaptiveconcurrency.yaml

步骤三：启用可观测监控Prometheus版

为了对并发控制器的运行状态有直观的理解，以及便于对参数调优，您可以将自适应并发控制的相关Metrics输出到可观测监控Prometheus版，使用可观测监控Prometheus版查看并发控制器的运行状态。

  1. 启用可观测监控Prometheus版。具体操作，请参见使用阿里云Prometheus监控。

  2. 在集群中配置ServiceMonitor，使可观测监控Prometheus版可以获取到testserver数据。

    1. 使用以下内容，创建servicemonitor.yaml。

      apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: ServiceMonitor
metadata:
  name: testserver-envoy-metrics
  namespace: default
spec:
  endpoints:
    - interval: 5s
      path: /stats/prometheus
      port: metrics
  namespaceSelector:
    any: true
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: testserver

    2. 在集群对应的KubeConfig环境下，执行以下命令，创建ServiceMonitor。

      kubectl apply -f servicemonitor.yaml

步骤四：验证ASMAdaptiveConcurrency的自适应并发控制是否成功

  1. 设置gotest的副本数为5。

    一个gotest应用副本将发起200个请求，5个副本则将发起1000个请求。

    1. 登录容器服务管理控制台。

    2. 在控制台左侧导航栏，单击集群。

    3. 在集群列表页面，单击目标集群名称或者目标集群右侧操作列下的详情。

    4. 在集群管理页左侧导航栏，选择工作负载 > 无状态。

    5. 在无状态页面设置命名空间为default，在gotest应用右侧操作列下选择更多 > 查看Yaml。

    6. 在编辑 YAML对话框中，设置replicas为5，单击更新。

  2. 使用如下JSON定义，为Grafana导入Dashboard，查看并发控制器的运行状态。具体操作，请参见导入仪表盘。

    展开查看JSON定义

    {
  "annotations": {
    "list": [
      {
        "builtIn": 1,
        "datasource": "-- Grafana --",
        "enable": true,
        "hide": true,
        "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
        "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
        "type": "dashboard"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": "monitoring ASM Adaptive Concurrency",
  "editable": true,
  "gnetId": 6693,
  "graphTooltip": 0,
  "id": 3239002,
  "iteration": 1651922323976,
  "links": [],
  "panels": [
    {
      "aliasColors": {},
      "bars": false,
      "dashLength": 10,
      "dashes": false,
      "datasource": "$cluster",
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "custom": {}
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "fill": 1,
      "fillGradient": 0,
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 8,
        "w": 12,
        "x": 0,
        "y": 0
      },
      "hiddenSeries": false,
      "id": 22,
      "legend": {
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        "current": false,
        "max": false,
        "min": false,
        "show": true,
        "total": false,
        "values": false
      },
      "lines": true,
      "linewidth": 1,
      "nullPointMode": "null",
      "options": {
        "alertThreshold": true
      },
      "percentage": false,
      "pluginVersion": "7.4.0-pre",
      "pointradius": 2,
      "points": false,
      "renderer": "flot",
      "seriesOverrides": [],
      "spaceLength": 10,
      "stack": false,
      "steppedLine": false,
      "targets": [
        {
          "expr": "envoy_http_inbound_0_0_0_0_8080_adaptive_concurrency_gradient_controller_rq_blocked{service=\"$service\", pod=\"$pod\"}",
          "interval": "",
          "legendFormat": "{{service}}-{{pod}}",
          "queryType": "randomWalk",
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "thresholds": [],
      "timeFrom": null,
      "timeRegions": [],
      "timeShift": null,
      "title": "RqBlocked",
      "tooltip": {
        "shared": true,
        "sort": 0,
        "value_type": "individual"
      },
      "type": "graph",
      "xaxis": {
        "buckets": null,
        "mode": "time",
        "name": null,
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      "yaxes": [
        {
          "format": "short",
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          "min": null,
          "show": true
        }
      ],
      "yaxis": {
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        "alignLevel": null
      }
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      "aliasColors": {},
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        "overrides": []
      },
      "fill": 1,
      "fillGradient": 0,
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 8,
        "w": 12,
        "x": 12,
        "y": 0
      },
      "hiddenSeries": false,
      "id": 24,
      "legend": {
        "avg": false,
        "current": false,
        "max": false,
        "min": false,
        "show": true,
        "total": false,
        "values": false
      },
      "lines": true,
      "linewidth": 1,
      "nullPointMode": "null",
      "options": {
        "alertThreshold": true
      },
      "percentage": false,
      "pluginVersion": "7.4.0-pre",
      "pointradius": 2,
      "points": false,
      "renderer": "flot",
      "seriesOverrides": [],
      "spaceLength": 10,
      "stack": false,
      "steppedLine": false,
      "targets": [
        {
          "expr": "envoy_http_inbound_0_0_0_0_8080_adaptive_concurrency_gradient_controller_burst_queue_size{service=\"$service\", pod=\"$pod\"}",
          "format": "time_series",
          "interval": "",
          "legendFormat": "{{service}}-{{pod}}",
          "queryType": "randomWalk",
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "thresholds": [],
      "timeFrom": null,
      "timeRegions": [],
      "timeShift": null,
      "title": "HeadRoom",
      "tooltip": {
        "shared": true,
        "sort": 0,
        "value_type": "individual"
      },
      "type": "graph",
      "xaxis": {
        "buckets": null,
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        "show": true,
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          "show": true
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      "aliasColors": {},
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      "dashes": false,
      "datasource": "$cluster",
      "fieldConfig": {
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          "legendFormat": "{{service}}-{{pod}}",
          "queryType": "randomWalk",
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "thresholds": [],
      "timeFrom": null,
      "timeRegions": [],
      "timeShift": null,
      "title": "SampleRTT(msec)",
      "tooltip": {
        "shared": true,
        "sort": 0,
        "value_type": "individual"
      },
      "type": "graph",
      "xaxis": {
        "buckets": null,
        "mode": "time",
        "name": null,
        "show": true,
        "values": []
      },
      "yaxes": [
        {
          "format": "ms",
          "label": null,
          "logBase": 1,
          "max": null,
          "min": null,
          "show": true
        },
        {
          "format": "short",
          "label": null,
          "logBase": 1,
          "max": null,
          "min": null,
          "show": true
        }
      ],
      "yaxis": {
        "align": false,
        "alignLevel": null
      }
    },
    {
      "aliasColors": {},
      "bars": false,
      "dashLength": 10,
      "dashes": false,
      "datasource": "test-adaptive-concurrency_1217520382582089",
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "custom": {}
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "fill": 1,
      "fillGradient": 0,
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 8,
        "w": 12,
        "x": 0,
        "y": 24
      },
      "hiddenSeries": false,
      "id": 30,
      "legend": {
        "avg": false,
        "current": false,
        "max": false,
        "min": false,
        "show": true,
        "total": false,
        "values": false
      },
      "lines": true,
      "linewidth": 1,
      "nullPointMode": "null",
      "options": {
        "alertThreshold": true
      },
      "percentage": false,
      "pluginVersion": "7.4.0-pre",
      "pointradius": 2,
      "points": false,
      "renderer": "flot",
      "seriesOverrides": [],
      "spaceLength": 10,
      "stack": false,
      "steppedLine": false,
      "targets": [
        {
          "expr": "envoy_http_inbound_0_0_0_0_8080_adaptive_concurrency_gradient_controller_min_rtt_calculation_active{service=\"$service\",pod=\"$pod\"}",
          "interval": "",
          "legendFormat": "{{service}}-{{pod}}",
          "queryType": "randomWalk",
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "thresholds": [],
      "timeFrom": null,
      "timeRegions": [],
      "timeShift": null,
      "title": "MinRTTCalc",
      "tooltip": {
        "shared": true,
        "sort": 0,
        "value_type": "individual"
      },
      "type": "graph",
      "xaxis": {
        "buckets": null,
        "mode": "time",
        "name": null,
        "show": true,
        "values": []
      },
      "yaxes": [
        {
          "format": "short",
          "label": null,
          "logBase": 1,
          "max": null,
          "min": null,
          "show": true
        },
        {
          "format": "short",
          "label": null,
          "logBase": 1,
          "max": null,
          "min": null,
          "show": true
        }
      ],
      "yaxis": {
        "align": false,
        "alignLevel": null
      }
    }
  ],
  "refresh": "5s",
  "schemaVersion": 26,
  "style": "dark",
  "tags": [],
  "templating": {
    "list": [
      {
        "current": {
          "selected": true,
          "text": "edas120_1217520382582089",
          "value": "edas120_1217520382582089"
        },
        "error": null,
        "hide": 0,
        "includeAll": false,
        "label": null,
        "multi": false,
        "name": "cluster",
        "options": [],
        "query": "prometheus",
        "queryValue": "",
        "refresh": 1,
        "regex": "",
        "skipUrlSync": false,
        "type": "datasource"
      },
      {
        "allValue": null,
        "current": {
          "isNone": true,
          "selected": false,
          "text": "None",
          "value": ""
        },
        "datasource": "$cluster",
        "definition": "label_values(envoy_http_inbound_0_0_0_0_8080_adaptive_concurrency_gradient_controller_burst_queue_size,service)",
        "error": null,
        "hide": 0,
        "includeAll": false,
        "label": null,
        "multi": false,
        "name": "service",
        "options": [],
        "query": "label_values(envoy_http_inbound_0_0_0_0_8080_adaptive_concurrency_gradient_controller_burst_queue_size,service)",
        "refresh": 2,
        "regex": "",
        "skipUrlSync": false,
        "sort": 1,
        "tagValuesQuery": "",
        "tags": [],
        "tagsQuery": "",
        "type": "query",
        "useTags": false
      },
      {
        "allValue": null,
        "current": {
          "selected": false,
          "text": "All",
          "value": "$__all"
        },
        "datasource": "$cluster",
        "definition": "label_values(envoy_http_inbound_0_0_0_0_8080_adaptive_concurrency_gradient_controller_concurrency_limit, pod)",
        "error": null,
        "hide": 0,
        "includeAll": true,
        "label": null,
        "multi": true,
        "name": "pod",
        "options": [],
        "query": "label_values(envoy_http_inbound_0_0_0_0_8080_adaptive_concurrency_gradient_controller_concurrency_limit, pod)",
        "refresh": 2,
        "regex": "",
        "skipUrlSync": false,
        "sort": 0,
        "tagValuesQuery": "",
        "tags": [],
        "tagsQuery": "",
        "type": "query",
        "useTags": false
      }
    ]
  },
  "time": {
    "from": "now-15m",
    "to": "now"
  },
  "timepicker": {
    "refresh_intervals": [
      "5s",
      "10s",
      "30s",
      "1m",
      "5m",
      "15m",
      "30m",
      "1h",
      "2h",
      "1d"
    ],
    "time_options": [
      "5m",
      "15m",
      "1h",
      "6h",
      "12h",
      "24h",
      "2d",
      "7d",
      "30d"
    ]
  },
  "timezone": "",
  "title": "ASM Adaptive Concurrency",
  "uid": "000000084",
  "version": 3
}

  3. 在Dashboard中选择集群，设置service为testserver，pod为ALL。

    gotest应用向testserver应用发起了1000个请求，但是testserver应用始终限制收到的并发数在500以内，表明使用ASMAdaptiveConcurrency的自适应并发控制成功。

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