本文介绍pg_pathman插件的一些常见用法。
背景信息
为了提高分区表的性能，PolarDB PostgreSQL版引入了pg_pathman插件。该插件一款分区管理插件，提供了分区优化机制。
创建pg_pathman插件扩展
test=# create extension pg_pathman;
CREATE EXTENSION查看已安装的扩展
以下命令可以查看已安装的扩展，还可以查看到pg_pathman 的具体版本。
test=# \dx
List of installed extensions
Name | Version | Schema | Description
------------+---------+------------+----------------------------------
pg_pathman | 1.5 | public | Partitioning tool for PostgreSQL
plpgsql | 1.0 | pg_catalog | PL/pgSQL procedural language
(2 rows)插件升级
PolarDB PostgreSQL版会定期对插件进行升级，以提供更优质的数据库服务。而当您需要升级插件版本时，需要：
升级对应集群到最新版本。
插件特性
- 目前支持HASH分区、RANGE分区。
- 支持自动分区管理（通过函数接口创建分区，自动将主表数据迁移到分区表），或手工分区管理（通过函数实现，将已有的表绑定到分区表，或者从分区表剥离）。
- 支持的分区字段类型包括int、float、date以及其他常用类型，包括自定义的domain。
- 有效的分区表查询计划（JOINs、subselects 等）。
- 使用
RuntimeAppend&RuntimeMergeAppend自定义计划节点实现了动态分区选择。 PartitionFilter：一种有效的插入触发器替换方法。- 支持自动新增分区（目前仅支持RANGE分区表）。
- 支持
copy from/to直接读取或写入分区表，提高效率。 - 支持分区字段的更新，需要添加触发器，如果不需要更新分区字段，则不建议添加这个触发器，会产生一定的性能影响。
- 允许用户自定义回调函数，在创建分区时会自动触发。
- 非堵塞式创建分区表，以及后台自动将主表数据非堵塞式迁移到分区表。
- 支持FDW，通过配置参数
pg_pathman.insert_into_fdw=(disabled | postgres | any_fdw)支持postgres_fdw或任意FDW。
插件用法
更多用法，请参见GitHub。
相关视图和表
pg_pathman使用函数来维护分区表，并且创建了一些视图，可以查看分区表的状态，具体如下：
- pathman_config
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pathman_config ( partrel REGCLASS NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, -- 主表oid attname TEXT NOT NULL, -- 分区列名 parttype INTEGER NOT NULL, -- 分区类型(hash or range) range_interval TEXT, -- range分区的interval CHECK (parttype IN (1, 2)) /* check for allowed part types */ ); - pathman_config_params
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pathman_config_params ( partrel REGCLASS NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, -- 主表oid enable_parent BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT TRUE, -- 是否在优化器中过滤主表 auto BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT TRUE, -- insert时是否自动扩展不存在的分区 init_callback REGPROCEDURE NOT NULL DEFAULT 0); -- create partition时的回调函数oid - pathman_concurrent_part_tasks
-- helper SRF function CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION show_concurrent_part_tasks() RETURNS TABLE ( userid REGROLE, pid INT, dbid OID, relid REGCLASS, processed INT, status TEXT) AS 'pg_pathman', 'show_concurrent_part_tasks_internal' LANGUAGE C STRICT; CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW pathman_concurrent_part_tasks AS SELECT * FROM show_concurrent_part_tasks(); - pathman_partition_list
-- helper SRF function CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION show_partition_list() RETURNS TABLE ( parent REGCLASS, partition REGCLASS, parttype INT4, partattr TEXT, range_min TEXT, range_max TEXT) AS 'pg_pathman', 'show_partition_list_internal' LANGUAGE C STRICT; CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW pathman_partition_list AS SELECT * FROM show_partition_list();
分区管理
- RANGE分区 有四个管理函数用来创建范围分区。其中两个可以指定起始值、间隔、分区个数，其函数定义如下：
create_range_partitions(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID attribute TEXT, -- 分区列名 start_value ANYELEMENT, -- 开始值 p_interval ANYELEMENT, -- 间隔；任意类型，适合任意类型的分区表 p_count INTEGER DEFAULT NULL, -- 分多少个区 partition_data BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE) -- 是否立即将数据从主表迁移到分区, 不建议这么使用, 建议使用非堵塞式的迁移( 调用partition_table_concurrently() ) create_range_partitions(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID attribute TEXT, -- 分区列名 start_value ANYELEMENT, -- 开始值 p_interval INTERVAL, -- 间隔；interval 类型，用于时间分区表 p_count INTEGER DEFAULT NULL, -- 分多少个区 partition_data BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE) -- 是否立即将数据从主表迁移到分区, 不建议这么使用, 建议使用非堵塞式的迁移( 调用partition_table_concurrently() )另外两个可以指定起始值、终值、间隔，其定义如下：create_partitions_from_range(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID attribute TEXT, -- 分区列名 start_value ANYELEMENT, -- 开始值 end_value ANYELEMENT, -- 结束值 p_interval ANYELEMENT, -- 间隔；任意类型，适合任意类型的分区表 partition_data BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE) -- 是否立即将数据从主表迁移到分区, 不建议这么使用, 建议使用非堵塞式的迁移( 调用partition_table_concurrently() ) create_partitions_from_range(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID attribute TEXT, -- 分区列名 start_value ANYELEMENT, -- 开始值 end_value ANYELEMENT, -- 结束值 p_interval INTERVAL, -- 间隔；interval 类型，用于时间分区表 partition_data BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE) -- 是否立即将数据从主表迁移到分区, 不建议这么使用, 建议使用非堵塞式的迁移( 调用partition_table_concurrently() )示例如下所示：创建需要分区的主表 postgres=# create table part_test(id int, info text, crt_time timestamp not null); -- 分区列必须有not null约束 CREATE TABLE 插入一批测试数据，模拟已经有数据了的主表 postgres=# insert into part_test select id,md5(random()::text),clock_timestamp() + (id||' hour')::interval from generate_series(1,10000) t(id); INSERT 0 10000 postgres=# select * from part_test limit 10; id | info | crt_time ----+----------------------------------+---------------------------- 1 | 36fe1adedaa5b848caec4941f87d443a | 2016-10-25 10:27:13.206713 2 | c7d7358e196a9180efb4d0a10269c889 | 2016-10-25 11:27:13.206893 3 | 005bdb063550579333264b895df5b75e | 2016-10-25 12:27:13.206904 4 | 6c900a0fc50c6e4da1ae95447c89dd55 | 2016-10-25 13:27:13.20691 5 | 857214d8999348ed3cb0469b520dc8e5 | 2016-10-25 14:27:13.206916 6 | 4495875013e96e625afbf2698124ef5b | 2016-10-25 15:27:13.206921 7 | 82488cf7e44f87d9b879c70a9ed407d4 | 2016-10-25 16:27:13.20693 8 | a0b92547c8f17f79814dfbb12b8694a0 | 2016-10-25 17:27:13.206936 9 | 2ca09e0b85042b476fc235e75326b41b | 2016-10-25 18:27:13.206942 10 | 7eb762e1ef7dca65faf413f236dff93d | 2016-10-25 19:27:13.206947 (10 rows) 注意: 1. 分区列必须有not null约束 2. 分区个数必须能覆盖已有的所有记录 创建分区，每个分区包含1个月的跨度数据 postgres=# select create_range_partitions('part_test'::regclass, -- 主表OID 'crt_time', -- 分区列名 '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp, -- 开始值 interval '1 month', -- 间隔；interval 类型，用于时间分区表 24, -- 分多少个区 false) ; -- 不迁移数据 NOTICE: sequence "part_test_seq" does not exist, skipping create_range_partitions ------------------------- 24 (1 row) postgres-# \d+ part_test Table "public.part_test" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Child tables: part_test_1, part_test_10, part_test_11, part_test_12, part_test_13, part_test_14, part_test_15, part_test_16, part_test_17, part_test_18, part_test_19, part_test_2, part_test_20, part_test_21, part_test_22, part_test_23, part_test_24, part_test_3, part_test_4, part_test_5, part_test_6, part_test_7, part_test_8, part_test_9 由于不迁移数据，所以数据还在主表 postgres=# select count(*) from only part_test; count ------- 10000 (1 row) 使用非堵塞式的迁移接口 partition_table_concurrently(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID batch_size INTEGER DEFAULT 1000, -- 一个事务批量迁移多少记录 sleep_time FLOAT8 DEFAULT 1.0) -- 获得行锁失败时，休眠多久再次获取，重试60次退出任务。 postgres=# select partition_table_concurrently('part_test'::regclass, 10000, 1.0); NOTICE: worker started, you can stop it with the following command: select stop_concurrent_part_task('part_test'); partition_table_concurrently ------------------------------ (1 row) 迁移结束后，主表数据已经没有了，全部在分区中 postgres=# select count(*) from only part_test; count ------- 0 (1 row) 数据迁移完成后，建议禁用主表，这样执行计划就不会出现主表了 postgres=# select set_enable_parent('part_test'::regclass, false); set_enable_parent ------------------- (1 row) postgres=# explain select * from part_test where crt_time = '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp; QUERY PLAN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Append (cost=0.00..16.18 rows=1 width=45) -> Seq Scan on part_test_1 (cost=0.00..16.18 rows=1 width=45) Filter: (crt_time = '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) (3 rows)说明 在RANGE分区表使用过程中，建议您：- 分区列必须有not null约束。
- 分区个数必须能覆盖已有的所有记录。
- 使用非堵塞式迁移接口。
- 数据迁移完成后，禁用主表。
- HASH分区 有一个管理函数用来创建范围分区，可以指定起始值、间隔、分区个数，具体如下：
create_hash_partitions(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID attribute TEXT, -- 分区列名 partitions_count INTEGER, -- 打算创建多少个分区 partition_data BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE) -- 是否立即将数据从主表迁移到分区, 不建议这么使用, 建议使用非堵塞式的迁移( 调用partition_table_concurrently() )示例如下所示：创建需要分区的主表 postgres=# create table part_test(id int, info text, crt_time timestamp not null); -- 分区列必须有not null约束 CREATE TABLE 插入一批测试数据，模拟已经有数据了的主表 postgres=# insert into part_test select id,md5(random()::text),clock_timestamp() + (id||' hour')::interval from generate_series(1,10000) t(id); INSERT 0 10000 postgres=# select * from part_test limit 10; id | info | crt_time ----+----------------------------------+---------------------------- 1 | 29ce4edc70dbfbe78912beb7c4cc95c2 | 2016-10-25 10:47:32.873879 2 | e0990a6fb5826409667c9eb150fef386 | 2016-10-25 11:47:32.874048 3 | d25f577a01013925c203910e34470695 | 2016-10-25 12:47:32.874059 4 | 501419c3f7c218e562b324a1bebfe0ad | 2016-10-25 13:47:32.874065 5 | 5e5e22bdf110d66a5224a657955ba158 | 2016-10-25 14:47:32.87407 6 | 55d2d4fd5229a6595e0dd56e13d32be4 | 2016-10-25 15:47:32.874076 7 | 1dfb9a783af55b123c7a888afe1eb950 | 2016-10-25 16:47:32.874081 8 | 41eeb0bf395a4ab1e08691125ae74bff | 2016-10-25 17:47:32.874087 9 | 83783d69cc4f9bb41a3978fe9e13d7fa | 2016-10-25 18:47:32.874092 10 | affc9406d5b3412ae31f7d7283cda0dd | 2016-10-25 19:47:32.874097 (10 rows) 注意: 1. 分区列必须有not null约束 创建128个分区 postgres=# select create_hash_partitions('part_test'::regclass, -- 主表OID 'crt_time', -- 分区列名 128, -- 打算创建多少个分区 false) ; -- 不迁移数据 create_hash_partitions ------------------------ 128 (1 row) postgres=# \d+ part_test Table "public.part_test" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Child tables: part_test_0, part_test_1, part_test_10, part_test_100, part_test_101, part_test_102, part_test_103, part_test_104, part_test_105, part_test_106, part_test_107, part_test_108, part_test_109, part_test_11, part_test_110, part_test_111, part_test_112, part_test_113, part_test_114, part_test_115, part_test_116, part_test_117, part_test_118, part_test_119, part_test_12, part_test_120, part_test_121, part_test_122, part_test_123, part_test_124, part_test_125, part_test_126, part_test_127, part_test_13, part_test_14, part_test_15, part_test_16, part_test_17, part_test_18, part_test_19, part_test_2, part_test_20, part_test_21, part_test_22, part_test_23, part_test_24, part_test_25, part_test_26, part_test_27, part_test_28, part_test_29, part_test_3, part_test_30, part_test_31, part_test_32, part_test_33, part_test_34, part_test_35, part_test_36, part_test_37, part_test_38, part_test_39, part_test_4, part_test_40, part_test_41, part_test_42, part_test_43, part_test_44, part_test_45, part_test_46, part_test_47, part_test_48, part_test_49, part_test_5, part_test_50, part_test_51, part_test_52, part_test_53, part_test_54, part_test_55, part_test_56, part_test_57, part_test_58, part_test_59, part_test_6, part_test_60, part_test_61, part_test_62, part_test_63, part_test_64, part_test_65, part_test_66, part_test_67, part_test_68, part_test_69, part_test_7, part_test_70, part_test_71, part_test_72, part_test_73, part_test_74, part_test_75, part_test_76, part_test_77, part_test_78, part_test_79, part_test_8, part_test_80, part_test_81, part_test_82, part_test_83, part_test_84, part_test_85, part_test_86, part_test_87, part_test_88, part_test_89, part_test_9, part_test_90, part_test_91, part_test_92, part_test_93, part_test_94, part_test_95, part_test_96, part_test_97, part_test_98, part_test_99 由于不迁移数据，所以数据还在主表 postgres=# select count(*) from only part_test; count ------- 10000 (1 row) 使用非堵塞式的迁移接口 partition_table_concurrently(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID batch_size INTEGER DEFAULT 1000, -- 一个事务批量迁移多少记录 sleep_time FLOAT8 DEFAULT 1.0) -- 获得行锁失败时，休眠多久再次获取，重试60次退出任务。 postgres=# select partition_table_concurrently('part_test'::regclass, 10000, 1.0); NOTICE: worker started, you can stop it with the following command: select stop_concurrent_part_task('part_test'); partition_table_concurrently ------------------------------ (1 row) 迁移结束后，主表数据已经没有了，全部在分区中 postgres=# select count(*) from only part_test; count ------- 0 (1 row) 数据迁移完成后，建议禁用主表，这样执行计划就不会出现主表了 postgres=# select set_enable_parent('part_test'::regclass, false); set_enable_parent ------------------- (1 row) 只查单个分区 postgres=# explain select * from part_test where crt_time = '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp; QUERY PLAN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Append (cost=0.00..1.91 rows=1 width=45) -> Seq Scan on part_test_122 (cost=0.00..1.91 rows=1 width=45) Filter: (crt_time = '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) (3 rows) 分区表约束如下 很显然pg_pathman自动完成了转换，如果是传统的继承，select * from part_test where crt_time = '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp; 这种写法是不能筛选分区的。 postgres=# \d+ part_test_122 Table "public.part_test_122" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_122_3_check" CHECK (get_hash_part_idx(timestamp_hash(crt_time), 128) = 122) Inherits: part_test说明 在HASH分区表使用过程中，建议您：- 分区列必须有not null约束。
- 使用非堵塞式迁移接口。
- 数据迁移完成后，禁用主表。
- pg_pathman不会受制于表达式的写法，所以
select * from part_test where crt_time = '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp;这样的写法也能用于HASH分区的。 - HASH分区列不局限于int类型的列，会使用HASH函数自动转换。
- 数据迁移到分区 如果创建分区表时，未将主表数据迁移到分区，那么可以使用非堵塞式的迁移接口，将数据迁移到分区。用法如下：
with tmp as (delete from 主表 limit xx nowait returning *) insert into 分区 select * from tmp 或者使用 select array_agg(ctid) from 主表 limit xx for update nowati 进行标示 然后执行delete和insert。函数接口如下：partition_table_concurrently(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID batch_size INTEGER DEFAULT 1000, -- 一个事务批量迁移多少记录 sleep_time FLOAT8 DEFAULT 1.0) -- 获得行锁失败时，休眠多久再次获取，重试60次退出任务。示例如下所示：postgres=# select partition_table_concurrently('part_test'::regclass, 10000, 1.0); NOTICE: worker started, you can stop it with the following command: select stop_concurrent_part_task('part_test'); partition_table_concurrently ------------------------------ (1 row)如果停止迁移任务，调用如下函数接口：stop_concurrent_part_task(relation REGCLASS)查看后台的数据迁移任务。postgres=# select * from pathman_concurrent_part_tasks; userid | pid | dbid | relid | processed | status --------+-----+------+-------+-----------+-------- (0 rows) - 分裂范围分区 如果某个分区太大，想分裂为两个分区，可以使用如下方法（目前仅支持RANGE分区表）：
split_range_partition(partition REGCLASS, -- 分区oid split_value ANYELEMENT, -- 分裂值 partition_name TEXT DEFAULT NULL) -- 分裂后新增的分区表名示例如下所示：postgres=# \d+ part_test Table "public.part_test" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Child tables: part_test_1, part_test_10, part_test_11, part_test_12, part_test_13, part_test_14, part_test_15, part_test_16, part_test_17, part_test_18, part_test_19, part_test_2, part_test_20, part_test_21, part_test_22, part_test_23, part_test_24, part_test_3, part_test_4, part_test_5, part_test_6, part_test_7, part_test_8, part_test_9 postgres=# \d+ part_test_1 Table "public.part_test_1" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_1_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2016-11-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test分裂postgres=# select split_range_partition('part_test_1'::regclass, -- 分区oid '2016-11-10 00:00:00'::timestamp, -- 分裂值 'part_test_1_2'); -- 分区表名 split_range_partition ----------------------------------------------- {"2016-10-25 00:00:00","2016-11-25 00:00:00"} (1 row)分裂后的两个表如下：postgres=# \d+ part_test_1 Table "public.part_test_1" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_1_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2016-11-10 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test postgres=# \d+ part_test_1_2 Table "public.part_test_1_2" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_1_2_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2016-11-10 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2016-11-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test数据会自动迁移到另一个分区。postgres=# select count(*) from part_test_1; count ------- 373 (1 row) postgres=# select count(*) from part_test_1_2; count ------- 360 (1 row)继承关系如下：postgres=# \d+ part_test Table "public.part_test" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Child tables: part_test_1, part_test_10, part_test_11, part_test_12, part_test_13, part_test_14, part_test_15, part_test_16, part_test_17, part_test_18, part_test_19, part_test_1_2, -- 新增的表 part_test_2, part_test_20, part_test_21, part_test_22, part_test_23, part_test_24, part_test_3, part_test_4, part_test_5, part_test_6, part_test_7, part_test_8, part_test_9 - 合并范围分区 目前仅支持RANGE 分区，调用如下接口：
指定两个需要合并分区，必须为相邻分区 merge_range_partitions(partition1 REGCLASS, partition2 REGCLASS)示例如下所示：postgres=# select merge_range_partitions('part_test_2'::regclass, 'part_test_12'::regclass) ; ERROR: merge failed, partitions must be adjacent CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function merge_range_partitions_internal(regclass,regclass,regclass,anyelement) line 27 at RAISE SQL statement "SELECT public.merge_range_partitions_internal($1, $2, $3, NULL::timestamp without time zone)" PL/pgSQL function merge_range_partitions(regclass,regclass) line 44 at EXECUTE 不是相邻分区，报错 相邻分区可以合并 postgres=# select merge_range_partitions('part_test_1'::regclass, 'part_test_1_2'::regclass) ; merge_range_partitions ------------------------ (1 row)合并后，会删掉其中一个分区表。postgres=# \d part_test_1_2 Did not find any relation named "part_test_1_2". postgres=# \d part_test_1 Table "public.part_test_1" Column | Type | Modifiers ----------+-----------------------------+----------- id | integer | info | text | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_1_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2016-11-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test postgres=# select count(*) from part_test_1; count ------- 733 (1 row) - 向后添加范围分区
如果已经对主表进行了分区，将来需要增加分区的话，有几种方法，一种是向后新增分区（即在末尾追加分区）。
新增分区时，会使用初次创建该分区表时的interval作为间隔。可以在pathman_config中查询每个分区表初次创建时的interval，如下：postgres=# select * from pathman_config; partrel | attname | parttype | range_interval -----------+----------+----------+---------------- part_test | crt_time | 2 | 1 mon (1 row)添加分区接口（目前不支持指定表空间）append_range_partition(parent REGCLASS, -- 主表OID partition_name TEXT DEFAULT NULL, -- 新增的分区表名, 默认不需要输入 tablespace TEXT DEFAULT NULL) -- 新增的分区表放到哪个表空间, 默认不需要输入示例如下所示：postgres=# select append_range_partition('part_test'::regclass); append_range_partition ------------------------ public.part_test_25 (1 row) postgres=# \d+ part_test_25 Table "public.part_test_25" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_25_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2018-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2018-11-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test postgres=# \d+ part_test_24 Table "public.part_test_24" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_24_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2018-09-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2018-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test - 向前添加范围分区 在头部追加分区，接口如下：
prepend_range_partition(parent REGCLASS, partition_name TEXT DEFAULT NULL, tablespace TEXT DEFAULT NULL)示例如下所示：postgres=# select prepend_range_partition('part_test'::regclass); prepend_range_partition ------------------------- public.part_test_26 (1 row) postgres=# \d+ part_test_26 Table "public.part_test_26" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_26_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2016-09-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test postgres=# \d+ part_test_1 Table "public.part_test_1" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_1_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2016-11-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test - 添加分区 指定分区起始值的方式添加分区，只要创建的分区和已有分区不会存在数据交叉就可以创建成功。也就是说使用这种方法，不要求强制创建连续的分区，例如已有分区覆盖了2010-2015的范围，您可以直接创建一个2020年的分区表，不需要覆盖2015到2020的范围。接口如下：
add_range_partition(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID start_value ANYELEMENT, -- 起始值 end_value ANYELEMENT, -- 结束值 partition_name TEXT DEFAULT NULL, -- 分区名 tablespace TEXT DEFAULT NULL) -- 分区创建在哪个表空间下示例如下所示：postgres=# select add_range_partition('part_test'::regclass, -- 主表OID '2020-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamp, -- 起始值 '2020-02-01 00:00:00'::timestamp); -- 结束值 add_range_partition --------------------- public.part_test_27 (1 row) postgres=# \d+ part_test_27 Table "public.part_test_27" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_27_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2020-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2020-02-01 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test - 删除分区 删除单个范围分区，接口如下：
drop_range_partition(partition TEXT, -- 分区名称 delete_data BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE) -- 是否删除分区数据，如果false，表示分区数据迁移到主表。 Drop RANGE partition and all of its data if delete_data is true.示例如下所示：删除分区， 数据迁移到主表 postgres=# select drop_range_partition('part_test_1',false); NOTICE: 733 rows copied from part_test_1 drop_range_partition ---------------------- part_test_1 (1 row) postgres=# select drop_range_partition('part_test_2',false); NOTICE: 720 rows copied from part_test_2 drop_range_partition ---------------------- part_test_2 (1 row) postgres=# select count(*) from part_test; count ------- 10000 (1 row) 删除分区，分区数据也删除，不迁移到主表 postgres=# select drop_range_partition('part_test_3',true); drop_range_partition ---------------------- part_test_3 (1 row) postgres=# select count(*) from part_test; count ------- 9256 (1 row) postgres=# select count(*) from only part_test; count ------- 1453 (1 row)删除所有分区，并且指定是否要将数据迁移到主表。接口如下：drop_partitions(parent REGCLASS, delete_data BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE) Drop partitions of the parent table (both foreign and local relations). If delete_data is false, the data is copied to the parent table first. Default is false.示例如下所示：postgres=# select drop_partitions('part_test'::regclass, false); -- 删除所有分区表，并将数据迁移到主表 NOTICE: function public.part_test_upd_trig_func() does not exist, skipping NOTICE: 744 rows copied from part_test_4 NOTICE: 672 rows copied from part_test_5 NOTICE: 744 rows copied from part_test_6 NOTICE: 720 rows copied from part_test_7 NOTICE: 744 rows copied from part_test_8 NOTICE: 720 rows copied from part_test_9 NOTICE: 744 rows copied from part_test_10 NOTICE: 744 rows copied from part_test_11 NOTICE: 720 rows copied from part_test_12 NOTICE: 744 rows copied from part_test_13 NOTICE: 507 rows copied from part_test_14 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_15 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_16 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_17 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_18 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_19 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_20 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_21 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_22 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_23 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_24 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_25 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_26 NOTICE: 0 rows copied from part_test_27 drop_partitions ----------------- 24 (1 row) postgres=# select count(*) from part_test; count ------- 9256 (1 row) postgres=# \dt part_test_4 No matching relations found. - 绑定分区（已有的表加入分区表） 将已有的表，绑定到已有的某个分区主表。已有的表与主表要保持一致的结构，包括dropped columns （查看pg_attribute的一致性）。接口如下：
attach_range_partition(relation REGCLASS, -- 主表OID partition REGCLASS, -- 分区表OID start_value ANYELEMENT, -- 起始值 end_value ANYELEMENT) -- 结束值示例如下所示：postgres=# create table part_test_1 (like part_test including all); CREATE TABLE postgres=# \d+ part_test Table "public.part_test" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | postgres=# \d+ part_test_1 Table "public.part_test_1" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | postgres=# select attach_range_partition('part_test'::regclass, 'part_test_1'::regclass, '2019-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamp, '2019-02-01 00:00:00'::timestamp); attach_range_partition ------------------------ part_test_1 (1 row) 绑定分区时， 自动创建继承关系，自动创建约束 postgres=# \d+ part_test_1 Table "public.part_test_1" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_1_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2019-01-01 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2019-02-01 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test - 解绑分区（将分区变成普通表） 将分区从主表的继承关系中删除，不删数据，删除继承关系，删除约束。接口如下：
detach_range_partition(partition REGCLASS) -- 指定分区名，转换为普通表示例如下所示：postgres=# select count(*) from part_test; count ------- 9256 (1 row) postgres=# select count(*) from part_test_2; count ------- 733 (1 row) postgres=# select detach_range_partition('part_test_2'); detach_range_partition ------------------------ part_test_2 (1 row) postgres=# select count(*) from part_test_2; count ------- 733 (1 row) postgres=# select count(*) from part_test; count ------- 8523 (1 row) - 永久禁止分区表pg_pathman插件 您可以针对单个分区主表禁用pg_pathman。接口函数如下：
disable_pathman_for(relation TEXT) Permanently disable pg_pathman partitioning mechanism for the specified parent table and remove the insert trigger if it exists. All partitions and data remain unchanged. postgres=# \sf disable_pathman_for CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.disable_pathman_for(parent_relid regclass) RETURNS void LANGUAGE plpgsql STRICT AS $function$ BEGIN PERFORM public.validate_relname(parent_relid); DELETE FROM public.pathman_config WHERE partrel = parent_relid; PERFORM public.drop_triggers(parent_relid); /* Notify backend about changes */ PERFORM public.on_remove_partitions(parent_relid); END $function$示例如下所示：postgres=# select disable_pathman_for('part_test'); NOTICE: drop cascades to 23 other objects DETAIL: drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_3 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_4 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_5 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_6 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_7 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_8 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_9 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_10 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_11 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_12 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_13 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_14 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_15 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_16 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_17 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_18 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_19 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_20 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_21 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_22 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_23 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_24 drop cascades to trigger part_test_upd_trig on table part_test_25 disable_pathman_for --------------------- (1 row) postgres=# \d+ part_test Table "public.part_test" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Child tables: part_test_10, part_test_11, part_test_12, part_test_13, part_test_14, part_test_15, part_test_16, part_test_17, part_test_18, part_test_19, part_test_20, part_test_21, part_test_22, part_test_23, part_test_24, part_test_25, part_test_26, part_test_27, part_test_28, part_test_29, part_test_3, part_test_30, part_test_31, part_test_32, part_test_33, part_test_34, part_test_35, part_test_4, part_test_5, part_test_6, part_test_7, part_test_8, part_test_9 postgres=# \d+ part_test_10 Table "public.part_test_10" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_10_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2017-06-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2017-07-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test禁用pg_pathman插件后，继承关系和约束不会变化，只是pg_pathman插件不介入custom scan执行计划。禁用pg_pathman插件后的执行计划如下：postgres=# explain select * from part_test where crt_time='2017-06-25 00:00:00'::timestamp; QUERY PLAN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Append (cost=0.00..16.00 rows=2 width=45) -> Seq Scan on part_test (cost=0.00..0.00 rows=1 width=45) Filter: (crt_time = '2017-06-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) -> Seq Scan on part_test_10 (cost=0.00..16.00 rows=1 width=45) Filter: (crt_time = '2017-06-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) (5 rows)重要disable_pathman_for没有可逆操作，请慎使用。
高级分区管理
- 禁用主表 当主表的数据全部迁移到分区后，可以禁用主表。接口函数如下：
set_enable_parent(relation REGCLASS, value BOOLEAN) Include/exclude parent table into/from query plan. In original PostgreSQL planner parent table is always included into query plan even if it's empty which can lead to additional overhead. You can use disable_parent() if you are never going to use parent table as a storage. Default value depends on the partition_data parameter that was specified during initial partitioning in create_range_partitions() or create_partitions_from_range() functions. If the partition_data parameter was true then all data have already been migrated to partitions and parent table disabled. Otherwise it is enabled.示例如下所示：select set_enable_parent('part_test', false); - 自动扩展分区 范围分区表，允许自动扩展分区。如果新插入的数据不在已有的分区范围内，会自动创建分区。
set_auto(relation REGCLASS, value BOOLEAN) Enable/disable auto partition propagation (only for RANGE partitioning). It is enabled by default.示例如下所示：postgres=# \d+ part_test Table "public.part_test" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Child tables: part_test_10, part_test_11, part_test_12, part_test_13, part_test_14, part_test_15, part_test_16, part_test_17, part_test_18, part_test_19, part_test_20, part_test_21, part_test_22, part_test_23, part_test_24, part_test_25, part_test_26, part_test_3, part_test_4, part_test_5, part_test_6, part_test_7, part_test_8, part_test_9 postgres=# \d+ part_test_26 Table "public.part_test_26" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_26_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2018-09-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2018-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test postgres=# \d+ part_test_25 Table "public.part_test_25" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Check constraints: "pathman_part_test_25_3_check" CHECK (crt_time >= '2018-08-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone AND crt_time < '2018-09-25 00:00:00'::timestamp without time zone) Inherits: part_test 插入一个不在已有分区范围的值，会根据创建分区时的interval自动扩展若干个分区，这个操作可能很久。 postgres=# insert into part_test values (1,'test','2222-01-01'::timestamp); 插入结束后，扩展了好多分区，原因是插入的值跨度范围太大了。 postgres=# \d+ part_test Table "public.part_test" Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description ----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+------------- id | integer | | plain | | info | text | | extended | | crt_time | timestamp without time zone | not null | plain | | Child tables: part_test_10, part_test_100, part_test_1000, part_test_1001, ..................................... 很多说明 不建议开启自动扩展范围分区，不合理的自动扩展可能会消耗大量的时间。 - 回调函数（创建每个分区时都会触发） 回调函数是在每创建一个分区时会自动触发调用的函数。例如，可以用在DDL逻辑复制中，将DDL语句记录下来，存放到表中。回调函数如下：
set_init_callback(relation REGCLASS, callback REGPROC DEFAULT 0) Set partition creation callback to be invoked for each attached or created partition (both HASH and RANGE). The callback must have the following signature: part_init_callback(args JSONB) RETURNS VOID. Parameter arg consists of several fields whose presence depends on partitioning type: /* RANGE-partitioned table abc (child abc_4) */ { "parent": "abc", "parttype": "2", "partition": "abc_4", "range_max": "401", "range_min": "301" } /* HASH-partitioned table abc (child abc_0) */ { "parent": "abc", "parttype": "1", "partition": "abc_0" }示例如下所示：回调函数 postgres=# create or replace function f_callback_test(jsonb) returns void as $$ declare begin create table if not exists rec_part_ddl(id serial primary key, parent name, parttype int, partition name, range_max text, range_min text); if ($1->>'parttype')::int = 1 then raise notice 'parent: %, parttype: %, partition: %', $1->>'parent', $1->>'parttype', $1->>'partition'; insert into rec_part_ddl(parent, parttype, partition) values (($1->>'parent')::name, ($1->>'parttype')::int, ($1->>'partition')::name); elsif ($1->>'parttype')::int = 2 then raise notice 'parent: %, parttype: %, partition: %, range_max: %, range_min: %', $1->>'parent', $1->>'parttype', $1->>'partition', $1->>'range_max', $1->>'range_min'; insert into rec_part_ddl(parent, parttype, partition, range_max, range_min) values (($1->>'parent')::name, ($1->>'parttype')::int, ($1->>'partition')::name, $1->>'range_max', $1->>'range_min'); end if; end; $$ language plpgsql strict; 测试表 postgres=# create table tt(id int, info text, crt_time timestamp not null); CREATE TABLE 设置测试表的回调函数 select set_init_callback('tt'::regclass, 'f_callback_test'::regproc); 创建分区 postgres=# select create_range_partitions('tt'::regclass, -- 主表OID 'crt_time', -- 分区列名 '2016-10-25 00:00:00'::timestamp, -- 开始值 interval '1 month', -- 间隔；interval 类型，用于时间分区表 24, -- 分多少个区 false) ; create_range_partitions ------------------------- 24 (1 row) 检查回调函数是否已调用 postgres=# select * from rec_part_ddl; id | parent | parttype | partition | range_max | range_min ----+--------+----------+-----------+---------------------+--------------------- 1 | tt | 2 | tt_1 | 2016-11-25 00:00:00 | 2016-10-25 00:00:00 2 | tt | 2 | tt_2 | 2016-12-25 00:00:00 | 2016-11-25 00:00:00 3 | tt | 2 | tt_3 | 2017-01-25 00:00:00 | 2016-12-25 00:00:00 4 | tt | 2 | tt_4 | 2017-02-25 00:00:00 | 2017-01-25 00:00:00 5 | tt | 2 | tt_5 | 2017-03-25 00:00:00 | 2017-02-25 00:00:00 6 | tt | 2 | tt_6 | 2017-04-25 00:00:00 | 2017-03-25 00:00:00 7 | tt | 2 | tt_7 | 2017-05-25 00:00:00 | 2017-04-25 00:00:00 8 | tt | 2 | tt_8 | 2017-06-25 00:00:00 | 2017-05-25 00:00:00 9 | tt | 2 | tt_9 | 2017-07-25 00:00:00 | 2017-06-25 00:00:00 10 | tt | 2 | tt_10 | 2017-08-25 00:00:00 | 2017-07-25 00:00:00 11 | tt | 2 | tt_11 | 2017-09-25 00:00:00 | 2017-08-25 00:00:00 12 | tt | 2 | tt_12 | 2017-10-25 00:00:00 | 2017-09-25 00:00:00 13 | tt | 2 | tt_13 | 2017-11-25 00:00:00 | 2017-10-25 00:00:00 14 | tt | 2 | tt_14 | 2017-12-25 00:00:00 | 2017-11-25 00:00:00 15 | tt | 2 | tt_15 | 2018-01-25 00:00:00 | 2017-12-25 00:00:00 16 | tt | 2 | tt_16 | 2018-02-25 00:00:00 | 2018-01-25 00:00:00 17 | tt | 2 | tt_17 | 2018-03-25 00:00:00 | 2018-02-25 00:00:00 18 | tt | 2 | tt_18 | 2018-04-25 00:00:00 | 2018-03-25 00:00:00 19 | tt | 2 | tt_19 | 2018-05-25 00:00:00 | 2018-04-25 00:00:00 20 | tt | 2 | tt_20 | 2018-06-25 00:00:00 | 2018-05-25 00:00:00 21 | tt | 2 | tt_21 | 2018-07-25 00:00:00 | 2018-06-25 00:00:00 22 | tt | 2 | tt_22 | 2018-08-25 00:00:00 | 2018-07-25 00:00:00 23 | tt | 2 | tt_23 | 2018-09-25 00:00:00 | 2018-08-25 00:00:00 24 | tt | 2 | tt_24 | 2018-10-25 00:00:00 | 2018-09-25 00:00:00 (24 rows)