本文介绍PolarDB-X支持的子查询类别及在PolarDB-X中使用子查询的相关限制和注意事项。
使用限制
相比原生MySQL,PolarDB-X在子查询使用上增加了如下限制:
不支持在HAVING子句中使用子查询,示例如下:
SELECT name, AVG( quantity ) FROM tb1 GROUP BY name HAVING AVG( quantity ) > 2* ( SELECT AVG( quantity ) FROM tb2 );
不支持在JOIN ON子句中使用子查询,示例如下:
SELECT * FROM tb1 p JOIN tb2 s on (p.id=s.id and p.quantity>All(select quantity from tb3))
等号操作行符的标量子查询(The Subquery as Scalar Operand)不支持ROW语法。示例如下:
SELECT * FROM tb1 WHERE row(id, name) = (select id, name from tb2)
不支持在UPDATE SET子句中使用子查询,示例如下:
UPDATE t1 SET c1 = (SELECT c2 FROM t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) LIMIT 10
注意事项
PolarDB-X中部分子查询仅能以APPLY的方式执行,查询效率低下。在实际使用中请尽量避免如下例子中的低效SQL:
WHERE条件中OR与子查询共存时,执行效率会依外表数据情况大幅降低。示例如下:
高效:select * from tb1 where id in (select id from tb2) 高效:select * from tb1 where id in (select id from tb2) and id>3 低效:select * from tb1 where id in (select id from tb2) or id>3
关联子查询(Correlated Subqueries)的关联项中带函数或非等号运算符。示例如下:
高效:select * from tb1 a where id in (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name) 低效:select * from tb1 a where id in (select id from tb2 b where UPPER(a.name)=b.name) 低效:select * from tb1 a where id in (select id from tb2 b where a.decimal_test=abs(b.decimal_test)) 低效:select * from tb1 a where id in (select id from tb2 b where a.name!=b.name) 低效:select * from tb1 a where id in (select id from tb2 b where a.name>=b.name)
关联子查询(Correlated Subqueries)关联项与其它条件的逻辑运算符为OR。示例如下:
高效:select * from tb1 a where id in (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name and b.date_test<'2015-12-02') 低效:select * from tb1 a where id in (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name or b.date_test<'2015-12-02') 低效:select * from tb1 a where id in (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name or b.date_test=a.date_test)
标量子查询(The Subquery as Scalar Operand)带关联项。示例如下:
高效:select * from tb1 a where id > (select id from tb2 b where b.date_test<'2015-12-02') 低效:select * from tb1 a where id > (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name and b.date_test<'2015-12-02')
跨关联层子查询。示例如下:
SQL多层关联,每层子查询关联项仅与直接上层关联,此类高效。
高效:select * from tb1 a where id in(select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name and exists (select name from tb3 c where b.address=c.address))
SQL多层关联,但表c的子查询关联项与表a的列进行了关联,此类低效。
低效:select * from tb1 a where id in(select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name and exists (select name from tb3 c where a.address=c.address))
说明上述示例中,
表a
和表b
、表b
和表c
为直接层级关联,表a
和表c
间为跨层关联。子查询中包含GROUP BY,请确保GROUP BY的分组列包含关联项。示例如下:
SQL子查询中包含聚合函数和关联项,关联项
b.pk
包含于分组列pk
之中,此类高效。高效:select * from tb1 a where exists (select pk from tb2 b where a.pk=b.pk and b.date_test='2003-04-05' group by pk);
SQL子查询中包含聚合函数和关联项,关联项
b.date_test
不包含于分组列pk
之中,此类低效。低效:select * from tb1 a where exists (select pk from tb2 b where a.date_test=b.date_test and b.date_test='2003-04-05' group by pk);
支持的子查询
PolarDB-X目前支持如下类别的子查询:
带有比较运算符的子查询
这类子查询最为常见。
语法
non_subquery_operand comparison_operator (subquery)
comparison_operator: = > < >= <= <> != <=> like
示例
select * from tb1 WHERE 'a' = (SELECT column1 FROM t1)
目前仅支持子查询在比较运算符的右边。
带有ANY、ALL、IN/NOT IN、EXISTS/NOT EXISTS的子查询
语法
operand comparison_operator ANY (subquery)
operand comparison_operator ALL (subquery)
operand IN (subquery)
operand NOT IN (subquery)
operand EXISTS (subquery)
operand NOT EXISTS (subquery)
comparison_operator:= > < >= <= <> !=
示例
ANY:如果子查询返回的任意一行满足ANY前的表达式,返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE。
ALL:如果子查询返回所有行都满足ALL前的表达式,返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE。
IN:在子查询前使用时,IN等价于
=ANY
。示例如下:SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 = ANY (SELECT s1 FROM t2); SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 IN (SELECT s1 FROM t2);
NOT IN:NOT IN在子查询前使用时,等价于
<>ALL
。示例如下:SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 <> ALL (SELECT s1 FROM t2); SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 NOT IN (SELECT s1 FROM t2);
EXISTS:如果子查询返回任意行,EXISTS子查询结果为TRUE;如果子查询返回空值,EXISTS子查询结果为FALSE。示例如下:
SELECT column1 FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t2);
说明如果EXISTS子查询中包含任意行,即使只包含NULL的行值,WHERE条件也会返回TRUE。
NOT EXISTS:如果子查询返回任意行,NOT EXISTS子查询结果为FALSE;如果子查询返回空值,NOT EXISTS子查询结果为TRUE。
Row Subqueries
Row Subqueries支持如下比较运算符:
comparison_operator:= > < >= <= <> != <=>
示例
SELECT * FROM t1
WHERE (col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);
SELECT * FROM t1
WHERE ROW(col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);
以上两个SQL是等价的,只有同时满足以下条件时,t1表的数据行才会返回:
子查询
SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id=10
仅返回一行记录,返回多行会报错。子查询返回的
col3
,col4
结果与主表中col1
,col2
的值需一一对应。
Correlated Subqueries
子查询中包含对外层查询表的引用。示例如下:
SELECT * FROM t1
WHERE column1 = ANY (SELECT column1 FROM t2
WHERE t2.column2 = t1.column2);
示例的子查询SQL中并没有包含表t1及其列名column2,此时会向上一层寻找表t1的引用。
Derived Tables(Subqueries in the FROM Clause)
Derived Tables指在FROM子句中的子查询。
语法
SELECT ... FROM (subquery) [AS] tbl_name ...
示例
数据准备:
使用如下语法创建表t1:
CREATE TABLE t1 (s1 INT, s2 CHAR(5), s3 FLOAT); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1,'1',1.0); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (2,'2',2.0);
使用如下查询并得到查询结果为
2, '2', 4.0
。SELECT sb1,sb2,sb3 FROM (SELECT s1 AS sb1, s2 AS sb2, s3*2 AS sb3 FROM t1) AS sb WHERE sb1 > 1;
查询需求:获取分组数据SUM后的平均值。
若直接使用如下SQL则会报错,无法执行:
SELECT AVG(SUM(s1)) FROM t1 GROUP BY s1;
此时可使用如下Derived Tables子查询,并得到查询结果为
1.5000
:SELECT AVG(sum_s1) FROM (SELECT SUM(s1) AS sum_s1 FROM t1 GROUP BY s1) AS t1;
说明Derived Tables必须拥有一个别名(如示例中的
t1
)。Derived Tables可以返回一个标量、列、行或表。
Derived Tables不能成为Correlated Subqueries,即不能包含子查询外部表的引用。