默认情况下,OSS Bucket中的文件是私有的,仅文件拥有者可访问。本文介绍如何使用OSS Go SDK生成带有过期时间的GET方法签名URL,以允许他人临时下载文件。在有效期内可多次访问,超期后需重新生成。
注意事项
本文示例代码以华东1(杭州)的地域ID
cn-hangzhou
为例,默认使用外网Endpoint,如果您希望通过与OSS同地域的其他阿里云产品访问OSS,请使用内网Endpoint。关于OSS支持的Region与Endpoint的对应关系,请参见OSS地域和访问域名。本文以从环境变量读取访问凭证为例。如何配置访问凭证,请参见配置访问凭证。
生成GET方法的签名URL时,您必须具有
oss:GetObject
权限。具体操作,请参见为RAM用户授权自定义的权限策略。说明在生成签名 URL 的过程中,SDK 利用本地存储的密钥信息,根据特定算法计算出签名(signature),然后将其附加到 URL 上,以确保 URL 的有效性和安全性。这一系列计算和构造 URL 的操作都是在客户端完成的,不涉及网络请求到服务端。因此,生成签名 URL 时不需要授予调用者特定权限。然而,为避免第三方用户无法对签名URL授权的资源执行相关操作,需要确保调用生成签名 URL 接口的身份主体已被授予相应的权限。
本文示例代码使用V4签名URL,有效期最大为7天。更多信息,请参见签名版本4(推荐)。
使用过程
使用签名URL下载文件的过程如下:
方法定义
您可以使用预签名接口生成预签名URL,授予对存储空间中对象的限时访问权限。在过期时间之前,您可以多次使用预签名URL。
预签名接口定义如下:
func (c *Client) Presign(ctx context.Context, request any, optFns ...func(*PresignOptions)) (result *PresignResult, err error)
请求参数列表
参数名 | 类型 | 说明 |
ctx | context.Context | 请求的上下文 |
request | *GetObjectRequest | 设置需要生成签名URL的接口名 |
optFns | ...func(*PresignOptions) | (可选)设置过期时间,如果不指定,默认有效期为15分钟 |
其中,PresignOptions选项列举如下:
选项值 | 类型 | 说明 |
Expires | time.Duration | 从当前时间开始,多长时间过期。例如设置一个有效期为30分钟,30 * time.Minute |
Expiration | time.Time | 绝对过期时间 |
在签名版本V4下,有效期最长为7天。同时设置Expiration和Expires时,优先取Expiration。
返回值列表
返回值名 | 类型 | 说明 |
result | *PresignResult | 返回结果,包含预签名URL,HTTP方法,过期时间和参与签名的请求头 |
err | error | 请求的状态,当请求失败时,err不为nil |
其中,PresignResult返回值列举如下:
参数名 | 类型 | 说明 |
Method | string | HTTP方法,和接口对应,例如GetObject接口,返回GET |
URL | string | 预签名URL |
Expiration | time.Time | 签名URL的过期时间 |
SignedHeaders | map[string]string | 被签名的请求头,例如PutObject接口,设置了Content-Type时,会返回 Content-Type的信息 |
示例代码
文件拥有者生成GET方法的签名URL。
package main import ( "context" "flag" "log" "time" "github.com/aliyun/alibabacloud-oss-go-sdk-v2/oss" "github.com/aliyun/alibabacloud-oss-go-sdk-v2/oss/credentials" ) // 定义全局变量 var ( region string // 存储区域 bucketName string // 存储空间名称 objectName string // 对象名称 ) // init函数用于初始化命令行参数 func init() { flag.StringVar(®ion, "region", "", "The region in which the bucket is located.") flag.StringVar(&bucketName, "bucket", "", "The name of the bucket.") flag.StringVar(&objectName, "object", "", "The name of the object.") } func main() { // 解析命令行参数 flag.Parse() // 检查bucket名称是否为空 if len(bucketName) == 0 { flag.PrintDefaults() log.Fatalf("invalid parameters, bucket name required") } // 检查region是否为空 if len(region) == 0 { flag.PrintDefaults() log.Fatalf("invalid parameters, region required") } // 检查object名称是否为空 if len(objectName) == 0 { flag.PrintDefaults() log.Fatalf("invalid parameters, object name required") } // 加载默认配置并设置凭证提供者和区域 cfg := oss.LoadDefaultConfig(). WithCredentialsProvider(credentials.NewEnvironmentVariableCredentialsProvider()). WithRegion(region) // 创建OSS客户端 client := oss.NewClient(cfg) // 生成GetObject的预签名URL result, err := client.Presign(context.TODO(), &oss.GetObjectRequest{ Bucket: oss.Ptr(bucketName), Key: oss.Ptr(objectName), //RequestPayer: oss.Ptr("requester"), // 指定请求者身份 }, oss.PresignExpires(10*time.Minute), ) if err != nil { log.Fatalf("failed to get object presign %v", err) } log.Printf("request method:%v\n", result.Method) log.Printf("request expiration:%v\n", result.Expiration) log.Printf("request url:%v\n", result.URL) if len(result.SignedHeaders) > 0 { //当返回结果包含签名头时,使用签名URL发送GET请求时也包含相应的请求头,以免出现不一致,导致请求失败和签名错误 log.Printf("signed headers:\n") for k, v := range result.SignedHeaders { log.Printf("%v: %v\n", k, v) } } }
其他人使用GET方法的签名URL下载文件。
curl
curl -SO "https://examplebucket.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/exampleobject.txt?x-oss-date=20241112T092756Z&x-oss-expires=3599&x-oss-signature-version=OSS4-HMAC-SHA256&x-oss-credential=LTAI5************/20241112/cn-hangzhou/oss/aliyun_v4_request&x-oss-signature=ed5a939feb8d79a389572719f7e2939939936d0**********"
Java
import java.io.BufferedInputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; import java.net.HttpURLConnection; import java.net.URL; public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { // 替换为生成的GET方法的签名URL。 String fileURL = "https://examplebucket.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/exampleobject.txt?x-oss-date=20241112T092756Z&x-oss-expires=3599&x-oss-signature-version=OSS4-HMAC-SHA256&x-oss-credential=LTAI5************/20241112/cn-hangzhou/oss/aliyun_v4_request&x-oss-signature=ed5a939feb8d79a389572719f7e2939939936d0**********"; // 填写文件保存的目标路径,包括文件名和扩展名。 String savePath = "C:/downloads/myfile.txt"; try { downloadFile(fileURL, savePath); System.out.println("Download completed!"); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Error during download: " + e.getMessage()); } } private static void downloadFile(String fileURL, String savePath) throws IOException { URL url = new URL(fileURL); HttpURLConnection httpConn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(); httpConn.setRequestMethod("GET"); // 检查响应代码 int responseCode = httpConn.getResponseCode(); if (responseCode == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) { // 输入流 InputStream inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(httpConn.getInputStream()); // 输出流 FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(savePath); byte[] buffer = new byte[4096]; // 缓冲区 int bytesRead; while ((bytesRead = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) { outputStream.write(buffer, 0, bytesRead); } outputStream.close(); inputStream.close(); } else { System.out.println("No file to download. Server replied HTTP code: " + responseCode); } httpConn.disconnect(); } }
Node.js
const https = require('https'); const fs = require('fs'); const fileURL = "https://examplebucket.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/exampleobject.txt?x-oss-date=20241112T092756Z&x-oss-expires=3599&x-oss-signature-version=OSS4-HMAC-SHA256&x-oss-credential=LTAI5************/20241112/cn-hangzhou/oss/aliyun_v4_request&x-oss-signature=ed5a939feb8d79a389572719f7e2939939936d0**********"; const savePath = "C:/downloads/myfile.txt"; https.get(fileURL, (response) => { if (response.statusCode === 200) { const fileStream = fs.createWriteStream(savePath); response.pipe(fileStream); fileStream.on('finish', () => { fileStream.close(); console.log("Download completed!"); }); } else { console.error(`Download failed. Server responded with code: ${response.statusCode}`); } }).on('error', (err) => { console.error("Error during download:", err.message); });
Python
import requests file_url = "https://examplebucket.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/exampleobject.txt?x-oss-date=20241112T092756Z&x-oss-expires=3599&x-oss-signature-version=OSS4-HMAC-SHA256&x-oss-credential=LTAI5************/20241112/cn-hangzhou/oss/aliyun_v4_request&x-oss-signature=ed5a939feb8d79a389572719f7e2939939936d0**********" save_path = "C:/downloads/myfile.txt" try: response = requests.get(file_url, stream=True) if response.status_code == 200: with open(save_path, 'wb') as f: for chunk in response.iter_content(4096): f.write(chunk) print("Download completed!") else: print(f"No file to download. Server replied HTTP code: {response.status_code}") except Exception as e: print("Error during download:", e)
Go
package main import ( "io" "net/http" "os" ) func main() { fileURL := "https://examplebucket.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/exampleobject.txt?x-oss-date=20241112T092756Z&x-oss-expires=3599&x-oss-signature-version=OSS4-HMAC-SHA256&x-oss-credential=LTAI5************/20241112/cn-hangzhou/oss/aliyun_v4_request&x-oss-signature=ed5a939feb8d79a389572719f7e2939939936d0**********" savePath := "C:/downloads/myfile.txt" response, err := http.Get(fileURL) if err != nil { panic(err) } defer response.Body.Close() if response.StatusCode == http.StatusOK { outFile, err := os.Create(savePath) if err != nil { panic(err) } defer outFile.Close() _, err = io.Copy(outFile, response.Body) if err != nil { panic(err) } println("Download completed!") } else { println("No file to download. Server replied HTTP code:", response.StatusCode) } }
JavaScript
const fileURL = "https://examplebucket.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/exampleobject.txt?x-oss-date=20241112T092756Z&x-oss-expires=3599&x-oss-signature-version=OSS4-HMAC-SHA256&x-oss-credential=LTAI5************/20241112/cn-hangzhou/oss/aliyun_v4_request&x-oss-signature=ed5a939feb8d79a389572719f7e2939939936d0**********"; const savePath = "C:/downloads/myfile.txt"; // 文件将在下载时使用的文件名 fetch(fileURL) .then(response => { if (!response.ok) { throw new Error(`Server replied HTTP code: ${response.status}`); } return response.blob(); // 将响应转换为 blob }) .then(blob => { const link = document.createElement('a'); link.href = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob); link.download = savePath; // 设置下载文件的名字 document.body.appendChild(link); // 此步骤确保链接存在于文档中 link.click(); // 模拟点击下载链接 link.remove(); // 完成后移除链接 console.log("Download completed!"); }) .catch(error => { console.error("Error during download:", error); });
Android-Java
import android.os.AsyncTask; import android.os.Environment; import java.io.BufferedInputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.InputStream; import java.net.HttpURLConnection; import java.net.URL; public class DownloadTask extends AsyncTask<String, String, String> { @Override protected String doInBackground(String... params) { String fileURL = params[0]; String savePath = Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS) + "/myfile.txt"; // 修改后的保存路径 try { URL url = new URL(fileURL); HttpURLConnection httpConn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(); httpConn.setRequestMethod("GET"); int responseCode = httpConn.getResponseCode(); if (responseCode == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) { InputStream inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(httpConn.getInputStream()); FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(savePath); byte[] buffer = new byte[4096]; int bytesRead; while ((bytesRead = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) { outputStream.write(buffer, 0, bytesRead); } outputStream.close(); inputStream.close(); return "Download completed!"; } else { return "No file to download. Server replied HTTP code: " + responseCode; } } catch (Exception e) { return "Error during download: " + e.getMessage(); } } }
Objective-C
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h> int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) { @autoreleasepool { // 定义文件 URL 和保存路径(修改为有效的路径) NSString *fileURL = @"https://examplebucket.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/exampleobject.txt?x-oss-date=20241112T092756Z&x-oss-expires=3599&x-oss-signature-version=OSS4-HMAC-SHA256&x-oss-credential=LTAI5************/20241112/cn-hangzhou/oss/aliyun_v4_request&x-oss-signature=ed5a939feb8d79a389572719f7e2939939936d0**********"; NSString *savePath = @"/Users/your_username/Desktop/myfile.txt"; // 请替换为您的用户名 // 创建 URL 对象 NSURL *url = [NSURL URLWithString:fileURL]; // 创建下载任务 NSURLSessionDataTask *task = [[NSURLSession sharedSession] dataTaskWithURL:url completionHandler:^(NSData *data, NSURLResponse *response, NSError *error) { // 错误处理 if (error) { NSLog(@"Error during download: %@", error.localizedDescription); return; } // 检查数据 if (!data) { NSLog(@"No data received."); return; } // 保存文件 NSError *writeError = nil; BOOL success = [data writeToURL:[NSURL fileURLWithPath:savePath] options:NSDataWritingAtomic error:&writeError]; if (success) { NSLog(@"Download completed!"); } else { NSLog(@"Error saving file: %@", writeError.localizedDescription); } }]; // 启动任务 [task resume]; // 让主线程继续运行以便异步请求能够完成 [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] run]; } return 0; }