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签发自定义证书

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设备端使用MQTT、GB/T 32960、JT/T 808或SL 651协议并采用TLS方式接入物联网平台云网关时，需要使用证书进行认证。物联网平台云网关支持使用的证书签名算法有RSA、ECC和国密SM2，您可通过阿里云PCA服务或自行签发需要的CA证书。本文以RSA算法和SM2算法为例，介绍如何签发自定义CA证书。

使用前必读

本文操作步骤以普通用户权限为例。如果您在操作过程中涉及到管理员权限才能执行的操作，可尝试使用sudo命令执行。

背景信息

物联网平台支持RSA、ECC算法证书双向认证，仅支持国密证书单向认证。使用云网关MQTT、GB/T 32960和JT/T 808协议接入设备的详细内容，请参见MQTT协议云网关概述、GB/T 32960协议云网关概述、JT/T 808协议云网关概述和SL 651协议概述。

PCA（Private Certificate Authority，即私有CA）服务的详细信息，请参见私有证书概述。

准备环境

  • 签发RSA算法的自定义证书，需要使用工具OpenSSL。

  • 签发SM2算法的国密证书，需要使用工具Tongsuo。

    Tongsuo支持的操作系统有：各种Linux发行版、macOS、Android、iOS和Windows。

本文购买Alibaba Cloud Linux操作系统的ECS实例（默认已安装OpenSSL工具），通过以下工具生成自定义证书。购买ECS实例的方法，请参见实例创建方式介绍。

您可参考以下步骤，在待使用的操作系统（本文使用Alibaba Cloud Linux）上，准备对应的环境。

  1. 登录操作系统。ECS实例登录方式，请参见连接方式概述。

  2. 执行以下命令，安装make编译工具。

    sudo yum install make

  3. 执行以下命令，安装C库和C编译器。

    sudo yum install gcc

  4. 执行以下命令，安装unzip，用于后续解压Tongsuo源码包。

    说明

    如果不签发SM2算法证书，无需安装unzip。

    yum update
yum install zip

  5. 执行以下命令，安装Perl 5以及Text::Template模块，用于后续安装Tongsuo源码库。

    说明

    如果不签发SM2算法证书，无需安装Perl 5以及Text::Template模块。

    sudo yum install perl
sudo yum install perl-core

签发RSA算法的证书

  1. 在ECS实例的操作系统中创建一个文件夹存放生成的证书。

    mkdir /home/rsa_certs
cd /home/rsa_certs

  2. 执行以下命令生成设备端和服务端的根证书文件root-ca.crt。

    openssl req \
    -new \
    -newkey rsa:2048 \
    -days 365 \
    -nodes \
    -x509 \
    -subj "/C=CN/O=Aliyun IOT/CN=IoT CA" \
    -keyout root-ca.key \
    -out root-ca.crt

  3. 根据根证书文件root-ca.crt，自定义服务端证书。

    1. 执行以下命令生成服务端密钥文件server.key。

      openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048

    2. 执行命令touch openssl.cnf新建文件openssl.cnf。

    3. 执行命令vi openssl.cnf进入文件，填入以下内容后按Esc键，输入:wq保存。

      [policy_match]
countryName             = cn
stateOrProvinceName     = optional
organizationName        = optional
organizationalUnitName  = optional
commonName              = supplied
emailAddress            = optional

[req]
default_bits       = 2048
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
req_extensions     = req_ext
x509_extensions    = v3_req
prompt             = no

[req_distinguished_name]
commonName          = Server

[req_ext]
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[v3_req]
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[alt_names]
DNS.1 = *.mqtt.iothub.aliyuncs.com
DNS.2 = *.igw.iothub.aliyuncs.com

    4. 执行以下命令生成服务端请求文件server.csr。

      openssl req -new -key server.key -config openssl.cnf -out server.csr

    5. 执行以下命令生成服务端证书文件server.crt。

      openssl x509 -req -days 365 -sha256 -in server.csr -CA root-ca.crt -CAkey root-ca.key -CAcreateserial -out server.crt -extensions v3_req -extfile openssl.cnf

    6. 执行以下命令验证服务端证书。

      openssl verify -CAfile root-ca.crt server.crt

  4. 根据根证书文件root-ca.crt，自定义设备端证书。

    1. 执行以下命令生成设备端密钥文件client.key。

      openssl genrsa -out client.key 2048

    2. 执行以下命令生成设备端证书请求文件client.csr。本示例设置CN为Client_123。

      openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr -subj "/CN=Client_123"

    3. 执行以下命令生成设备端证书文件client.crt。

      openssl x509 -req -days 365 -sha256 -in client.csr -CA root-ca.crt -CAkey root-ca.key -CAcreateserial -out client.crt

    4. 执行以下命令验证设备端证书。

      openssl verify -CAfile root-ca.crt client.crt

  5. 执行命令ls，可查看自定义证书的所有文件。

    证书文件为：

    • 根证书：root-ca.crt。

    • 服务端证书私钥：server.key。

    • 服务端证书：server.crt。

    • 设备端证书私钥：client.key。

    • 设备端证书：client.crt。

签发SM2算法的证书

重要

  • 签发SM2算法的国密证书，需要使用Tongsuo。本示例下载源码包Tongsuo-8.4.0-pre3.zip，相关文件位于源码库的/test/certs/sm2目录中。

  • 安装Tongsuo成功后，Tongsuo会替换操作系统内原有的OpenSSL。

  • 本示例构建一套包含三级证书链的国密证书，签发每级证书签名请求csr文件时，设置的countryName、stateOrProvinceName、organizationName、organizationalUnitName必须保持一致，但commonName必须保持唯一。

  1. 在ECS实例的操作系统中创建一个文件夹存放生成国密证书相关的文件。

    mkdir /home/sm2
cd /home/sm2

  2. 按照以下步骤上传并安装Tongsuo。

    1. 下载Tongsuo的文件包Tongsuo-8.4.0-pre3.zip。

    2. 上传本地文件到操作系统的“sm2”文件目录下。

    3. 执行以下命令解压文件包。

      unzip Tongsuo-8.4.0-pre3.zip

    4. 执行以下命令，进入文件目录Tongsuo-8.4.0-pre3并完成安装Tongsuo。

      cd Tongsuo-8.4.0-pre3
./config
make
make install

    5. 执行命令openssl version确认安装成功。

      说明

      如果报错：openssl: error while loading shared libraries: libssl.so.3: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory，可执行如下命令：ldconfig /usr/local/lib64/后，重新执行命令openssl version。

      返回类似如下信息，说明安装成功。

      Tongsuo: Tongsuo 8.4.0-pre3 (Library: Tongsuo 8.4.0-pre3)
OpenSSL 3.0.3 3 May 2022 (Library: OpenSSL 3.0.3 3 May 2022)

  3. 新增路径构建脚本gen-sm2-cert-sign-dir.sh，构建文件目录sm2-ca管理签发的证书。

    1. 执行命令touch gen-sm2-cert-sign-dir.sh，新建脚本文件gen-sm2-cert-sign-dir.sh。

    2. 执行命令vi gen-sm2-cert-sign-dir.sh进入文件，填入以下内容后输入:wq保存。

      #!/bin/bash

# create dir certs db private crl csr newcerts under sm2-ca dir.
if [ ! -d sm2-ca/certs ]; then
    mkdir -p sm2-ca/certs
fi

if [ ! -d sm2-ca/db ]; then
    mkdir -p sm2-ca/db
    touch sm2-ca/db/index
    openssl rand -hex 16 > sm2-ca/db/serial
    echo 1001 > sm2-ca/db/crlnumber
fi

if [ ! -d sm2-ca/private ]; then
    mkdir -p sm2-ca/private
    chmod 700 sm2-ca/private
fi

if [ ! -d sm2-ca/crl ]; then
    mkdir -p sm2-ca/crl
fi

if [ ! -d sm2-ca/newcerts ]; then
    mkdir -p sm2-ca/newcerts
fi

if [ ! -d sm2-ca/csr ]; then
    mkdir -p sm2-ca/csr
fi

    3. 执行命令chmod +x gen-sm2-cert-sign-dir.sh为脚本文件添加执行权限。

    4. 执行命令./gen-sm2-cert-sign-dir.sh运行脚本，完成构建文件目录sm2-ca。

  4. 执行命令cd sm2-ca 进入文件目录sm2-ca，然后参考上一步骤中的touch和vi命令，新增配置文件openssl.cnf、openssl_middleca.cnf。

    说明

    如果需指定域名，可在配置文件openssl.cnf和openssl_middleca.cnf 中的[ alt_names ]下设置。

    文件内容如下：

    openssl.cnf：签发根证书和中间证书

    [ ca ]
# `man ca`
default_ca = CA_default

[ CA_default ]
# Directory and file locations.
dir               = ./
certs             = $dir/certs
crl_dir           = $dir/crl
new_certs_dir     = $dir/newcerts
database          = $dir/db/index
serial            = $dir/db/serial
RANDFILE          = $dir/private/random

# The root key and root certificate.
private_key       = $dir/private/sm2-root.key
certificate       = $dir/certs/sm2-root.crt

# For certificate revocation lists.
crlnumber         = $dir/crl/crlnumber
crl               = $dir/crl/ca.crl.pem
crl_extensions    = crl_ext
default_crl_days  = 30

# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md        = sm3

name_opt          = ca_default
cert_opt          = ca_default
default_days      = 365
preserve          = no
policy            = policy_strict

[ policy_strict ]
# The root CA should only sign intermediate certificates that match.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of `man ca`.
countryName             = match
stateOrProvinceName     = match
organizationName        = match
organizationalUnitName  = optional
commonName              = supplied
emailAddress            = optional

[ policy_loose ]
# Allow the intermediate CA to sign a more diverse range of certificates.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of the `ca` man page.
countryName             = optional
stateOrProvinceName     = optional
localityName            = optional
organizationName        = optional
organizationalUnitName  = optional
commonName              = supplied
emailAddress            = optional

[ req ]
# Options for the `req` tool (`man req`).
default_bits        = 2048
distinguished_name  = req_distinguished_name
string_mask         = utf8only

# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md          = sha256

# Extension to add when the -x509 option is used.
x509_extensions     = v3_ca

req_extensions = v3_req

[ req_distinguished_name ]
# See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request>.
countryName                     = optional
stateOrProvinceName             = optional 
localityName                    = optional
0.organizationName              = optional
organizationalUnitName          = optional
commonName                      = optional
emailAddress                    = optional

# Optionally, specify some defaults.
countryName_default             = CN
stateOrProvinceName_default     = China
localityName_default            =
0.organizationName_default      = Alipay
#organizationalUnitName_default =
#emailAddress_default           =

[ v3_req ]

# Extensions to add to a certificate request

basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[ alt_names ]
DNS.1 = *.mqtt.iothub.aliyuncs.com
DNS.2 = *.igw.iothub.aliyuncs.com

[ v3_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign

[ v3_intermediate_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical intermediate CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true, pathlen:0
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ usr_cert ]
# Extensions for client certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = client, email
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Client Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = clientAuth, emailProtection

[ server_cert ]
# Extensions for server certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = server
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Server Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer:always
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[ crl_ext ]
# Extension for CRLs (`man x509v3_config`).
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always

[ ocsp ]
# Extension for OCSP signing certificates (`man ocsp`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature
extendedKeyUsage = critical, OCSPSigning

    openssl_middleca.cnf：签发服务端证书

    [ ca ]
# `man ca`
default_ca = CA_default

[ CA_default ]
# Directory and file locations.
dir               = ./ 
certs             = $dir/certs
crl_dir           = $dir/crl
new_certs_dir     = $dir/newcerts
database          = $dir/db/index
serial            = $dir/db/serial
RANDFILE          = $dir/private/random

# The root key and root certificate.
private_key       = $dir/private/sm2-intermediate-ca.key
certificate       = $dir/certs/sm2-intermediate-ca.crt

# For certificate revocation lists.
crlnumber         = $dir/crlnumber
crl               = $dir/crl/ca.crl.pem
crl_extensions    = crl_ext
default_crl_days  = 30

# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md        = sm3

name_opt          = ca_default
cert_opt          = ca_default
default_days      = 365
preserve          = no
policy            = policy_strict

[ policy_strict ]
# The root CA should only sign intermediate certificates that match.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of `man ca`.
countryName             = optional 
stateOrProvinceName     = optional
organizationName        = optional
organizationalUnitName  = optional
commonName              = supplied
emailAddress            = optional

[ policy_loose ]
# Allow the intermediate CA to sign a more diverse range of certificates.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of the `ca` man page.
countryName             = optional
stateOrProvinceName     = optional
localityName            = optional
organizationName        = optional
organizationalUnitName  = optional
commonName              = supplied
emailAddress            = optional

[ req ]
# Options for the `req` tool (`man req`).
default_bits        = 2048
distinguished_name  = req_distinguished_name
string_mask         = utf8only

# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md          = sha256

# Extension to add when the -x509 option is used.
x509_extensions     = v3_ca

req_extensions = v3_req

[ req_distinguished_name ]
# See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request>.
countryName                     = optional
stateOrProvinceName             = optional 
localityName                    = optional
0.organizationName              = optional
organizationalUnitName          = optional
commonName                      = optional
emailAddress                    = optional

# Optionally, specify some defaults.
countryName_default             = CN
stateOrProvinceName_default     = China
localityName_default            =
0.organizationName_default      = Alipay
#organizationalUnitName_default =
#emailAddress_default           =

[ v3_req ]

# Extensions to add to a certificate request

basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[ alt_names ]
DNS.1 = *.mqtt.iothub.aliyuncs.com
DNS.2 = *.igw.iothub.aliyuncs.com

[ v3_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign

[ v3_intermediate_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical intermediate CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true, pathlen:0
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ usr_cert ]
# Extensions for client certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = client, email
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Client Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = clientAuth, emailProtection

[ server_cert ]
# Extensions for server certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = server
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Server Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer:always
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[ crl_ext ]
# Extension for CRLs (`man x509v3_config`).
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always

[ ocsp ]
# Extension for OCSP signing certificates (`man ocsp`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature
extendedKeyUsage = critical, OCSPSigning

  5. 执行以下命令，生成根证书私钥sm2-root.key和证书sm2-root.crt。

    重要

    执行第2行命令时，需根据提示设置签名参数，例如countryName、stateOrProvinceName、organizationName、organizationalUnitName和commonName等。后续签发中间证书和服务端证书时，countryName、stateOrProvinceName、organizationName、organizationalUnitName设置必须此处设置保持一致，commonName设置必须保持唯一。

    openssl ecparam -genkey -name SM2 -out sm2-root.key
openssl req -new -key sm2-root.key -out sm2-root.csr -sm3 -sigopt "sm2_id:1234567812345678"
mv sm2-root.key private/ && mv sm2-root.csr csr/

openssl ca -selfsign -config openssl.cnf -in csr/sm2-root.csr -extensions v3_ca -days 3650 -out sm2-root.crt
mv sm2-root.crt certs/

  6. 执行以下命令，生成中间证书私钥sm2-intermediate-ca.key和证书sm2-intermediate-ca.crt。

    openssl ecparam -genkey -name SM2 -out sm2-intermediate-ca.key
openssl req -new -key sm2-intermediate-ca.key -out sm2-intermediate-ca.csr -sm3 -sigopt "sm2_id:1234567812345678"
mv sm2-intermediate-ca.key private/ && mv sm2-intermediate-ca.csr csr/

openssl ca -config openssl.cnf -extensions v3_intermediate_ca -days 3650  -in csr/sm2-intermediate-ca.csr -out sm2-intermediate-ca.crt -sigopt "sm2_id:1234567812345678" -sm2-id "1234567812345678" -md sm3
mv sm2-intermediate-ca.crt certs/

  7. 执行以下命令，生成服务端证书私钥sm2-leaf.key和证书sm2-leaf.crt。

    openssl ecparam -genkey -name SM2 -out sm2-leaf.key
openssl req -new -key sm2-leaf.key -out sm2-leaf.csr -sm3 -sigopt "sm2_id:1234567812345678"
mv sm2-leaf.key private/ && mv sm2-leaf.csr csr/

openssl ca -config openssl_middleca.cnf -extensions server_cert -days 3650  -in csr/sm2-leaf.csr -out sm2-leaf.crt -sigopt "sm2_id:1234567812345678" -sm2-id "1234567812345678" -md sm3
mv sm2-leaf.crt certs/

证书文件最终存放在/sm2-ca/certs 目录下，对应私钥文件存放在/sm2-ca/private目录下。

  • 根证书和私钥：sm2-root.crt、sm2-root.key。

  • 中间证书：sm2-intermediate-ca.crt、sm2-intermediate-ca.key。

  • 服务端证书：sm2-leaf.crt、sm2-leaf.key。

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